Clearly more studies related with the effects of use of synthetic cannabinoids “bonzai” on the CV system are needed. Hence, rigorous and standardized testing of cannabis content is critical to mitigate potential preventable toxicity . In some case, psychotropic substances (e.g., tobacco and calamus) and cholinergic compounds are added to either enhance the efficacy of low-quality cannabis or to alleviate its side effects . MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. Much work is still to be done, such as enhancing CBD’s pharmacokinetic and bioavailability data in the human body and conducting more extensive clinical trials based on this foundation. All these indicate that CBD has a vital regulatory function in the liver and is important in treating liver diseases. Further research and clarification of the mechanisms involved in liver disease are required for effective commercialization. Understanding how CBD functions in diverse hepatic pathological environments is essential for pioneering innovative treatment approaches (Table 1). The current research on CBD oil and medical cannabis oil for skin cancer Hence, it may be assumed that the adverse effects of some commercial CBD products are based on a low-dose effect of Δ9-THC, with the safety of CBD itself currently being unclear with significant uncertainties regarding possible liver and reproductive toxicity. Adverse effects reported in anecdotal consumer reports or during clinical studies were first assumed to be due to acid-catalysed cyclization of CBD to psychotropic Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) in the stomach after oral consumption. Those taking CBD regularly, especially at doses exceeding 300 mg daily, should discuss liver function monitoring with their healthcare provider. Testimonials and User Experiences The self-reported subjective assessment used may be biased by the patient’s positive expectation of treatment, which could lead to a possible placebo effect. Most patients treated with CBM present with multiple severe symptoms and the analyses presented here are limited to identify the treatment outcomes for such patients. In this study, with no control group, no causality effect can be drawn between CBD-rich treatment and symptom improvement. The presence of THC and other cannabinoids in CBD-rich products may affect the outcomes in this study. The average daily CBD dosage authorized at our clinic (11.5 mg) is closer to other observational studies (Gulbransen et al. 2020) compared to what is seen in RCTs (up to 1000 mg for a single dose) (Larsen and Shahinas 2020). Symptoms arising from excessive fear and anxiety occur in a number of neuropsychiatric disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder (PD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). Cannabidiol (CBD), a Cannabis sativa constituent, is a pharmacologically broad-spectrum drug that in recent years has drawn increasing interest as a treatment for a range of neuropsychiatric disorders. A doctor’s advice should be sought before using any hemp products. Therefore, it is always important to start with a low dose of CBD and carefully gauge how you’re feeling before upping the dosage. Like any other compound, the effects of CBD are not entirely linear; as the compound is processed, your body may react and produce unexpected results. Yes, CBD can interact with other medications, altering their metabolism and therefore increasing or decreasing their effects. From dry mouth to potential liver problems, understanding these issues can help you make informed decisions about its use. A certificate of analysis (COA) is a document that provides details about the chemical composition and potency of cannabis products. CBD may interact with other medications by altering their metabolism in the liver, which could aggravate existing liver problems. For example, if patients whose infarctions were triggered by cannabis were more likely to die than those whose infarctions were unrelated to cannabis, then the apparent relative risk may be underestimated. For example, patients may be reluctant to report that they had consumed cannabis before their MI. Smoking cannabis is known to have hemodynamic consequences, including a dose-dependent increase in the heart rate, supine hypertension, and postural hypotension. One of the very first studies to investigate the effect of smoking cannabis on MI was conducted in 2000 . High hostility level (as determined by the Cook-Medley Hostility Scale, a self-administered questionnaire) was strongly related to cannabis consumption in the CARDIA study . Most benzodiazepines are broken down by liver enzymes affected by CBD. CBD interacts with hundreds of medications, and there may be more interactions that researchers haven’t discovered yet. But like many organic compounds, CBD can interact with certain medications, including prescription and over-the-counter medications. On its own, CBD is generally safe, with a low risk of side effects. While CBD is generally safe on its own, combining it with certain medications can be dangerous. Whether CBD, as a CB2 agonist, could alleviate liver inflammation by activating CB2 warrants further exploration. CB2 also can inhibit the progression of HCC, and patients with high CB2 expression in HCC have a higher survival rate . Activation of CB2 in the liver improves bile duct ligation-induced liver fibrosis and promotes liver regeneration . Acute systemic CBD reduced marble-burying behavior for up to 7 days, with no attenuation in effect up to high (120 mg/kg) doses, and effect shown to depend on CB1Rs but not 5-HT1ARs 71, 74, 88. Anticompulsive effects of CBD were investigated in marble-burying behavior, conceptualized to model OCD . These effects partially depended on 5-HT1AR activation but were not affected by CB1R blockade. Systemically administered CBD reduced acute increases in heart rate and blood pressure induced by restraint stress, as well as the delayed (24 h) anxiogenic effects of stress in the EPM, partially by 5-HT1AR activation 67, 73. Stress is an important contributor to anxiety disorders, and traumatic stress exposure is essential to the development of PTSD. Terms and Conditions Endocannabinoids have been shown to play a role in the circadian rhythm, therefore CBD is thought to have an effect on sleep 78-80. Epidiolex is an FDA approved medication, prescribed by physicians, and patients will be evaluated and monitored. Difference to the over-the-counter (OTC) CBDs is that Epidiolex is showing the same content of CBD and dose in one unit to the other. In chronic epilepsy studies in animals have been less optimistic, showing little to no effect on the seizure activity . Other effects include dry mouth/throat, dry eyes, polyphagia, hyperemesis, inhalation-related burns, and risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) . In general, several short- and long-term adverse effects can occur with cannabinoid usage. Commonly noted side effects included increased somnolence, dizziness, euphoria, disorientation, and paranoia. This resulted in blockade of excessive sleepiness during the lights-off period. If you want to be private about your CBD use, CBD gummies make that incredibly easy. You can easily snack on some CBD gummies wherever you are without anyone having any idea that you’re using CBD. CBD gummies are also hugely popular because of how discrete they are. CBD gummies easily conceal the natural earthy flavor of hemp. You can choose from a variety of CBD gummies flavors like citrus, mint, or berry. A retrospective chart review was conducted of adult psychiatric patients treated with CBD for anxiety or sleep as an adjunct to treatment as usual at a large psychiatric outpatient clinic. This study aimed to determine whether CBD is helpful for improving sleep and/or anxiety in a clinical population. A large retrospective case series at a psychiatric clinic involving clinical application of CBD for anxiety and sleep complaints as an adjunct to usual treatment. These benefits are delivered without psychoactive effects, as the gummies are processed with triple filtration technology to remove all THC. Overall, this review emphasizes the potential value and need for further study of CBD in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Since pain and mental health issues represent the most common symptoms for patients and physicians seeking medical cannabis treatments, we investigated effects on pain, depression, and anxiety symptoms as well as overall wellbeing. Some potential new applications of CBD gummies that are being explored include their use in the treatment of mental health conditions such as anxiety and depression, as well as their potential to help with sleep and pain management. By consulting with a healthcare provider, following precautions, and choosing high-quality products, individuals can minimize the risk of adverse effects and enjoy the potential benefits of CBD gummies. Another study found that, relative to placebo, 1000 mg/day oral CBD solution (administered for six weeks in conjunction with treatment as usual) decreased positive psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia . In a double-blind study of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizophreniform psychosis, patients received either amisulpride or CBD over four weeks (doses began at 200 mg/day and were increased stepwise to 800 mg/day). Several studies have evaluated the efficacy of CBD to produce clinical improvements in patients with schizophrenia. Study populations of the highest interest for these research areas would likely include elderly individuals , as this group commonly uses CBD as a primary or adjunctive treatment for pain, as well as clinical pain populations. Daily CBD dosing regimens have reduced pain in clinical populations in several small, single-arm open-label studies. Existing research regarding cannabis is biased towards recreational cannabis consumed by smoking prior to or early into state legalization programs. Medical cannabis programs in several states only allow for edibles and vaporizers and do not allow smoking. Over 60% of dialysis patients receive at least one opioid prescription annually and approximately 20% of them take prescription opioids chronically . The ∆9-THC dose leading to intoxication is considered to be in the range of 10 to 20 mg (very high dose in heavy episodic cannabis users up to 60 mg) for cannabis smoking72.We systematically searched EMBASE, MEDLINE/PubMed, and Web of Science without language restriction for RCTs that reported adverse effects after repeated oral CBD administration for at least one week in healthy volunteers or clinical samples published from January 2019 to May 2022.Most currently available studies do not look at isolated CBD nor their synthetic equivalents, and purity is not guaranteed, thus leading to unforeseen side effects and toxicities.Another hypothesis for the adverse effects of CBD products may be residual Δ9-THC concentrations in the products as contamination, because most of them are based on hemp extracts containing the full spectrum of cannabinoids besides CBD.CBD can interact with various medications by affecting the cytochrome P450 enzyme system in the liver, which is responsible for metabolizing many drugs.This interaction can either increase or decrease the effectiveness of other drugs, posing risks, especially for individuals on medications for chronic conditions.Anxiety and paranoia are two typical hallmarks of negative cannabis side effects. A similar lack of a contraction response to CBD in mouse ileum and colon tissue were reported using concentrations of 10-9 and 10-8 M (76). Capasso et al. reported that CBD (10-5–0.1 M) itself had no effect on baseline tissue contractility. Contradictory results were reported when mice were provided with CBD prior to sacrifice, rather than being directly applied to intestine segments postmortem. Exploring the Potential Side Effects of Long-Term Cannabidiol (CBD) Use: Insights and Evidence Experts emphasize the importance of consulting with healthcare professionals before using CBD gummies, especially for individuals with pre-existing liver conditions. Specialists in the field of pharmacology and hepatology have weighed in on the effects of CBD gummies on liver health. However, it is clear that CBD can have both positive and negative effects on liver health, depending on the dose, duration of use, and individual factors 9. The pharmacology and biochemistry of CBD gummies and their effects on liver health are complex and multifaceted. This preliminary research is promising, showing potential anti-inflammatory effects and suggesting CBD may improve sleep and reduce anxiety. This study found that after feeding mice with HFD supplemented with CBD 2.39 mg/kg for 6 weeks, CBD reduced liver inflammation, improved glucose tolerance, and alleviated gut microbiota imbalance caused by HFD. More and more studies suggest a close relationship between the occurrence of fatty liver disease and changes in the gut microbiota 19,20,21. This chronic inflammatory liver disease, closely linked to metabolic syndrome, necessitates new therapeutic approaches to enhance prevention and treatment. Clinical trials on CBD in liver diseases are still lacking and often lack the scientific rigor, controls, or sample size necessary to draw clinically meaningful conclusions. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1(TRPV1), transient receptor potential ankyrin 1(TRPA1), and transient receptor potential melastatin 8(TRPM8) increase glucose utilization and prevent lipid accumulation and insulin resistance in the liver . Questions consisted of “yes/no” and “select one of the following.” Questions regarding previous treatment modalities, the anatomical joint involved, and medications were in “check all that apply” formatting. Control of chronic joint pain remains a difficult feat, and patients commonly resort to surgical options such as total joint arthroplasty once nonoperative modalities have failed (Breivik et al., 2006; Geeske Peeters et al., 2017; Peter et al., 2015). Few studies have looked specifically at arthritis to determine the subjective benefits of CBD use. The use of cannabis (and related) products for both recreational and medicinal use is prevalent, and it is likely to further increase in the near future. Finally, randomized controlled trials will ultimately be needed to test the safety and efficacy of potential drugs developed to improve kidney function or alleviate kidney damage based on their effects on CB receptors and EC system in the kidneys. Studies of large cohorts will be paramount to clarify the effects of cannabis and cannabinoid exposure on renal outcomes, including AKI, incident CKD, and worsening or improvement in the progression of established CKD. In a small prospective trial, medical marijuana use for pain control over 1 yr did not result in significant changes in serum creatinine. Information about the effects of cannabis and cannabinoid use on the development and progression of CKD is also very limited. They’re also pre-dosed, so you know exactly how much CBD you’re getting, eliminating guesswork. Why choose gummies over other CBD forms like oils or capsules? It’s a natural alternative to over-the-counter painkillers, with fewer risks. Table 3 provides individual regression outputs involving cannabis behaviors/history and global PSQI score controlling for gender, age, current depression/anxiety/stress, and alcohol use. A main effect of cannabis and a significant interaction term would imply that differences in age possibly influence the association of cannabis use and sleep outcomes. A main effect of cannabis that lacked a significant interaction effect would imply an association of cannabis use and sleep outcomes controlling for all covariates. While a majority of the models were free of outliers, this inspection led to the identification of two separate data points that were potential outliers across multiple models involving the PSQI sleep disturbance variable. None of these significant main effects nor the significant interaction terms survived multiple correction tests but several of these were trending in significance in their adjusted p values. These findings demonstrate both trending and significant associations of the older age group on these sleep outcomes in comparison to non-significant relationships in the younger age group. Lower scores indicate less sleep difficulty and higher scores indicate severe difficulty and worse sleep. However, some individuals might experience effects up to 12 hours after consumption. It may take 1 to 2 hours to feel the effects of CBD edibles, but they typically last for several hours. It's worth noting that CBD gummies can have a slower onset of action compared to other forms of CBD consumption, such as vaping or sublingual tinctures, due to the time it takes for the CBD to be absorbed through the digestive system. The duration of these effects can also vary, typically lasting between 4 to 6 hours, depending on the dosage and individual factors such as body weight and metabolism. Fortunately, this does not mean you can’t reap the potential health benefits of CBD. CBD has been the talk of the town over the last few years due to its potential health benefits. The potential factors that influence the long-term effects of CBD gummy use, according to expert opinion, include the quality of the product, individual tolerance, and interactions with other medications. The potential factors that influence the effectiveness and safety of CBD gummies, according to user reviews, include the quality of the product, individual tolerance, and interactions with other medications. As discussed in "What Drugs Should Not Be Taken with CBD? Interactions …", CBD gummies can interact with other medications, such as blood thinners and antacids, which can lead to adverse effects. To date, however, there remains limited information as to the specific effects of endocannabinoids on renal hemodynamics, including control of blood flow parameters and its direct impact on blood pressure. The systemic cardiovascular effects mediated by the endocannabinoid system have been extensively studied and reviewed elsewhere (35, 45, 48). Given the role of these ligands in the activation of the CB receptors under physiological conditions, dysregulation in the synthesis and metabolism of various components of the EC system in disease states has the potential to have pathophysiological consequences. Furthermore, CB2 receptor expression has been reported in cultured proximal tubule (17, 18) or glomerular mesangial cells (6) and sporadically in glomerular podocytes (3, 27). In a SPECT study of resting cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in normal subjects, CBD reduced rCBF in left medial temporal areas, including the amygdala and hippocampus, as well as the hypothalamus and left posterior cingulate gyrus, but increased rCBF in the left parahippocampal gyrus.Studies performed in rats by Jones et al have shown anticonvulsant effects in partial pilocarpine and penicillin-induced seizures.Application of this metric to laboratory analysis of edibles and smokable cannabis available in Colorado suggests that 1 mg of Δ9-THC contained in an edible produces a behavioral effect similar to 5.71 mg of Δ9-THC contained in smokable cannabis.In the United States (U.S.) for example, medical cannabis use is legal in 33 states and the District of Columbia (D.C.) and non-medical use (i.e., “recreational”) is legal in 11 states.It has also been shown to have anti-cancer effects and may be beneficial for other medical conditions such as Crohn’s disease, multiple sclerosis and epilepsy.The FDA issued warning letters about CBD products being falsely labeled and distributed.An increasing number of women are using cannabis to manage their menopausal symptoms174,175 with the frequency of cannabis use significantly correlating to the number and severity of menopausal symptoms.174 While cannabis use appears to mitigate musculoskeletal discomfort, irritability, insomnia, depression, anxiety, and hot flashes, other symptoms such as heart discomfort, exhaustion, vaginal dryness, and bladder problems were not alleviated by cannabis use.174 There is a significant gap between the marketed benefits of cannabis and the supporting evidence in the medical literature.176 Prior studies, published in the 1970s, have reported the pro- and anti-estrogenic properties of THC.177178Our products contain less than 0.3% THC and are legal in all 50 statesCannabidiol (CBD) supplements marketed for anxiety, sleep, and general wellness may pose liver health risks even at moderate doses commonly used by consumers, according to a randomized controlled trial published in JAMA Internal Medicine. CConcomitant treatment for the condition with anti-oxidant and pain killer. Results for controlled clinical trials and non-controlled studies are presented in Table 1 17-37 and Table 2 38-40, providing a summary of the included studies and their principal findings. We included studies with single treatment of CBD, e.g. studies with other cannabinoid add-on therapy or adjuvant regimes were excluded. Currently, CBD is commercially available in different formulations and used for several health conditions but could be indicated for several diseases or disorders in addition to or in replacement of medical marijuana or other medical therapy. Obviously, there seems to be an involuntary or deliberate lack of quality control of CBD products. In one out of five adults, a single dose of 5 mg already showed corresponding symptoms74. A single oral dose of 20 mg THC resulted in symptoms such as tachycardia, conjunctival irritation, “high sensation” or dysphoria in adults within one to four hours. This might be one of the reasons for the individually very different observed psychotropic effects. By being aware of the potential side effects and interactions of CBD gummies, you can help to ensure safe and effective use of these products. It is also important to note that CBD gummies can interact with other medications, including antidepressants, and it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional before taking them together. …While generally well-tolerated, CBD gummies can cause side effects such as liver injury, drug interactions, mood and alertness changes, gastrointestinal issues, and potentially affect male fertility According to a systematic review published in the journal "The Impact of Cannabidiol on Human Brain Function," CBD has been shown to have a positive effect on anxiety and stress levels, but more research is needed to fully understand its long-term effects.After treatment, the caring professionals at Nova will also recommend ongoing care through sober living home providers if they feel its’ best for you and will provide you with the best opportunity for sustained recovery.The study highlights the importance of the animal's metabolic status for the effectiveness of ghrelin in promoting feeding and suggests that the peripheral endocannabinoid system may interact with ghrelin signal in the control of food intake under equilibrate energy balance conditions.Additionally, recent research shows patients with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes had positive response to the use of certain types of cannabis 66, 67.This risk includes gastrointestinal side effects such as diarrhea, nausea and vomiting.One study found that taking CBD with anticoagulants may reduce their effectiveness and increase the risk of stroke.The consequence of the lack of information on drug–drug interactions is an inadequate knowledge of their potential adverse reactions when consumed together.This review aims to summarize the modulatory effects of cannabinoids on sleep physiology and provide a critical evaluation of the research on their potential therapeutic benefit in various sleep disorders. Medical Cannabis Card According to some researchers, CBD gummies have shown promise in reducing pain and anxiety in clinical trials. When consumed, CBD gummies can produce a range of effects, from pain relief to reduced anxiety. Researchers are exploring the potential benefits of CBD for anxiety relief, including its effects on the endocannabinoid system and neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine. As research continues to emerge, it is becoming increasingly clear that CBD has the potential to be a valuable therapeutic agent. By binding to this receptor, CBD can help reduce the production of anxiety-inducing chemicals, leading to a sense of calm and relaxation. For example, CBD has been shown to reduce anxiety by interacting with the CB1 receptor, which is responsible for regulating mood. Your doctor will need to slowly decrease your dose before you stop it completely. Blood tests may be needed to check for unwanted effects. However, if it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule. By incorporating CBD gummies into their daily routine, individuals can potentially reduce their reliance on pharmaceutical medications and adopt a more natural approach to managing their health. The effects of CBD gummies can vary from person to person, but common effects include relaxation, reduced anxiety, and relief from pain and inflammation. According to the Cleveland Clinic, CBD products, including gummies, have shown promise in reducing inflammation, improving sleep, and alleviating anxiety. CBD gummies have gained popularity in recent years due to their potential health benefits and ease of use. This guide will cover everything you need to know about CBD gummies, from their composition and benefits to their potential side effects and interactions. It’s essential to be aware of these possible adverse reactions and monitor your body’s response when using CBD products. These effects are generally mild and temporary but may not be suitable for everyone. While many individuals use CBD to alleviate anxiety and stress, some may experience mood changes in the form of increased irritability or mood swings. Although rare, some people may be allergic to CBD or other ingredients found in CBD gummies, such as gelatin, sugar, or flavorings. It’s essential to be cautious when using CBD gummies, especially if you plan to operate heavy machinery or drive. Reference lists of included studies were evaluated, and if needed, authors were contacted for further information. PubMed, Embase and Cochrane database were searched with all combinations of CBD and dosage in human studies. Only studies published in English, from 2000 to the date last databases were accessed. We restricted our search to studies published after the year of 2000 with no demographic limitation. One author (CL) systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library for published studies in English. Enhanced oral delivery systems, such as nanoemulsions, have been demonstrated to increase bioavailability and could target specific anatomical sites of activity with customizable time release characteristics. Large interindividual variations have hindered conclusions on the impact of CBD delivery methods . Moreover, CBD modulates intestinal motility in a contrasting manner between in vitro and in vivo models in the studies performed to date. In addition to affecting sperm function, cannabis may impact epigenetic regulators that can then influence the health and developmental trajectory of future offspring. Individuals who have earlier initiation of cannabis are at an increased risk of lower levels of educational attainment, welfare dependence and unemployment, polysubstance use, including other illicit drugs, and psychotic symptomatology, suggesting that cannabis might contribute to racial and health inequity.39 Research suggests that early (12–14 years old) to late (15–17 years old) adolescence is a critical risk period for the initiation of substance use and may exacerbate racial and health inequities.40 While the legalization of cannabis may help reduce inequities in criminal justice, dysregulated cannabis use could widen gaps in health and social equity. There are limited treatment options for CUD, but the goal is to achieve sustained abstinence from cannabis use, or reduced use that mitigates the patient’s cannabis-related symptoms. The most common mode of cannabis administration in both non-pregnant and pregnant populations is smoking followed by edibles.29,30 Smoking is the quickest method for THC to enter systematically and provides rapid onset and a short duration of symptoms (Table 1), which results in a lesser chance of overconsumption.31 Edibles are gaining popularity because they are palatable, discreet, and effects can last for hours (Table 1). Currently, some placebo-controlled trials are underway for evaluation of the effects on sleep apnea and insomnia . Most studies are pre-clinical or have small sample sizes which limit their applicability. Even with legalization in multiple states in the USA, cannabis is still considered a drug of high abuse potential by the DEA. Her aim is to optimise your care using her GP generalist background alongside the innovations in medical cannabis. His dedication to personalised care ensures that patients exploring alternative therapies receive compassionate, effective, and forward-thinking solutions to support their health and well-being. Throughout his journey in both hospital and primary care settings, Dr Bennett has witnessed countless patients struggling to manage their health through conventional methods alone. The investigators highlighted a relationship between cannabis consumption and negative CV events; although few authors did support their findings with toxicological results and therefore concluded further research is needed . They performed a narrative review of the literature to establish when postmortem toxicological tests may support a temporal association between cannabis smoking and CVD. Marchetti et al. attempted to find evidence of MI due to coronary thrombosis in an autopsy of an occasional cannabis smoker. Researchers concluded that further work is required to definitively establish the impact of cannabis on CVD, and it is reasonable to recommend against recreational cannabis consumption, especially in individuals with a history of coronary artery disorders. Some additional references on adverse effects of cannabidiol and stability studies were included. A recent study of 84 CBD products bought online showed that more than a quarter of the products contained less CBD than labeled. While CBD shows promise for specific medical applications like reducing seizure frequency in rare forms of epilepsy, its safety profile at doses commonly used by consumers requires further clarification. Dosage and Frequency of CBD Gummy Consumption The amount and frequency of CBD intake play a significant role in the likelihood and severity of side effects. Several factors can influence these reactions, including dosage, individual sensitivity, the quality of CBD, and pre-existing health conditions. These reactions might stem from CBD itself or from other ingredients in the gummies, such as gelatin, flavorings, or colorings. Uncommon but Possible Side Effects While most people tolerate CBD well, some might experience less common side effects such as dry mouth, low blood pressure, or mood changes. These effects can be disruptive, especially for individuals who need to maintain high levels of alertness throughout the day. In summary, while CBD gummies offer several potential health benefits, awareness of their potential negative side effects, especially with daily use, is crucial. This gap in research highlights the need for caution and underlines the importance of the keyword “negative side effects of cbd gummies.” We should not put too much emphasis on the potential benefits of cannabis smoking among patients with diabetes when these studies did not include/assess the risk of MI in a high-risk population. For instance, a study on animal models showed that CBD could facilitate the forgetting of traumatic memories, suggesting a potential therapeutic role in treating conditions like PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder). Research on CBD’s effects on cognitive function is still in its early stages, but several studies suggest that CBD may have neuroprotective properties. The Ministry of Health works to help people stay healthy, delivering high-quality care when they need it and protecting the health system for future generations. Tips for youth to lower health risks when using cannabis Experts in the field of CBD and cannabis provide valuable insights into the safety and efficacy of CBD gummy bears. Less common side effects are diarrhea, fatigue, and changes in mood. Common side effects include drowsiness, dry mouth, and changes in appetite. Products like Cannabidiol Life CBD Gummy Bears and the CBD Breakthrough have been at the forefront of this trend, with many users seeking the best CBD gummies, including those available in South Africa. Though widely utilized historically and legally in many parts of the world, robust knowledge about the effects of these substances, especially long term, is lacking. A higher percentage of participants who changed their daily dose of CBD also reduced their use of OTC and Rx drugs, often reducing or stopping both OTC and Rx drug use. Individuals taking CBD for chronic pain had the largest decrease in OTC usage, with 42.4% decreasing or stopping OCT drug use and 24.4% decreasing or stopping Rx drug use. Thirty-one percent (31%) of the participants in this study decreased or stopped their use of OTC drugs, and 19.2% decreased or stopped the use of Rx drugs during the 4 weeks of the study. The improvement in symptoms was also correlated with an increase in the number of CBD doses per day, but not the total amount of CBD being taken. Dr Hamel-Smith is motivated by the potential that medical cannabis has to offer as a complementary therapeutic option and the opportunity to help patients reach their health goals through medical cannabis administration. Recognising the transformative potential of medical cannabis, he joined Releaf to empower patients with an alternative treatment option tailored to their needs. While experimental data suggest that cannabis and cannabinoids could have important effects on kidney function, there is not sufficient evidence from clinical research studies to determine the dangers faced by users of these products in respect to the development of AKI or CKD. We relied on self-report measures which limited our knowledge of the exact concentration of CBD/THC, thus our responses could have potential recall bias and response error. Our sample was mostly women and consisted of individuals who met criteria for mild anxiety disorders. However, some research has found CBD has no effect on sleep85 and further investigation is needed to understand its influence alone and in combination with varying ratios of THC. A significant drug main effect and trend-level drug × time-point interaction effect was also detected for GLP-1, suggesting that GLP-1 concentrations were lower under cannabis than the placebo condition. The spike in blood insulin concentrations observed under the placebo condition (likely due to intake of brownie) was blunted by cannabis administration. Twenty participants underwent 4 sessions during which oral cannabis, smoked cannabis, vaporized cannabis, or placebo was administered. The amount of CBD in gummies can vary greatly, depending on the brand, quality, and intended use. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. AB and JB performed the systematic search and drafted the manuscript, and MB screened potentially eligible publications and critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. The effects of consuming cannabis can be unpredictable as everyone’s tolerance level is different. Consuming too much cannabis at one time can lead to temporary adverse effects, known as cannabis poisoning. Learn about the health risks for youth who consume cannabis. The health harms and addiction risk of using cannabis is especially high for youth. Consuming edible cannabis has some of the same health risks as consuming other forms of cannabis. Scientific research shows no life-threatening risks when healthy adults consume edibles.By being aware of the potential effects and factors that influence them, you can optimize your CBD use and enjoy the benefits of these convenient and discreet edibles.There is a dose-dependent effect on REM sleep latency—with higher doses causing an increase in latency while mid-range doses yield a decrease .There was evidence to support single dose positive effect on social anxiety disorder, short medium-term effects on symptomatic improvement in schizophrenia and lack of effect in the short medium-term on cognitive functioning in psychotic disorders.Opt for CBD products from reputable manufacturers that adhere to strict quality control standards and third-party testing.By doing so, individuals can make informed decisions about their use of CBD gummies and consult with healthcare professionals to ensure safe and effective use.In a recent document, the FDA highlighted the potential beneficial effects of cannabis derivatives. Furthermore, preclinical studies have shown that CBD reduces inflammation and pain behaviors in animal models with arthritis (Hammell et al., 2016; Whyte et al., 2012). Previous studies have identified the potential for cannabinoids to directly modulate pain within synovial joints (Richardson et al., 2008; N. Schuelert et al., 2010; Niklas Schuelert & McDougall, 2008). In contrast, CBD lacks the psychoactive properties of THC but has anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and antioxidant effects, making it an intriguing target for the treatment of pain and inflammatory conditions, including the numerous manifestations of arthritis (Atalay et al., 2020; Iffland & Grotenhermen, 2017). It is essential to keep CBD gummies out of reach of children and be aware of the potential health risks. Real-life examples of individuals who have used CBD gummies provide valuable insights into the potential benefits and risks. CBD had no effect on disease activity at the end of treatment and at 2 weeks follow-up . Compared to placebo, CBD did not have a significant effect on the level of high-density lipoproteins, the primary endpoint for this study . Doses ranged from 20 to 250 mg/day with treatment duration from 8 to 13 weeks. Leweke et al (2012) included a small group of acute schizophrenia patients who were administered 200 up to 800 mg/day for 4 weeks or amisulpride, a potent antipsychotic. One study was judged as being at high risk of bias and three at uncertain risk of bias. The authors acted independently, and Santé Cannabis had no role in the analysis of the study, nor the writing of the manuscript or decision to publish. The authors had no role in the conduct of the study and collection of data. This is a retrospective, observational study which took place at Santé Cannabis; therefore, the design and conduct of the study was executed by Santé Cannabis clinic staff. The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. With the increase in the use of CBD in several countries and several RCTs being carried out, the strengths of our study included updating the evaluation of the most recent published studies and assessing their methodological qualities, resulting in a trend towards a low level of bias between the RCTs included. The results showed that CBD had mild and moderate adverse effects in most studies, the most common being drowsiness, sedation, fatigue, dizziness, headache, diarrhea, nausea, decreased appetite, and abdominal discomfort. The present paper is an updated systematic review of the adverse effects of orally administered purified cannabidiol for different clinical conditions published in the last three years. The most common serious adverse effects reported in RCTs on CBD. All RCTs evaluated the effects of CBD on clinical populations and most used CBD concomitant with other drugs (9/12). CBD treatment impact according to symptom severity The large market of cannabis has given rise to numerous potentially hazardous natural contaminants or artificial adulterants being reported in crude cannabis and preparations. The committee was formed by 16 experts in the areas of cannabis addiction, oncology, cardiology, neurodevelopment, respiratory disease, pediatric and adolescent health, immunology, toxicology, preclinical research, epidemiology, systematic review, and public health. A committee on the health effects of cannabis consumption was formed at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine, to extensively review the scientific literature and identify the research gap recommendations. It is essential to consult with a healthcare professional before using any anxiety relief product, including CBD gummies. However, Dr. Doe cautions that "CBD is not a replacement for traditional treatments, and individuals should consult with a healthcare professional before using CBD products." Many users of CBD gummies have reported positive experiences with the product, including reduced anxiety and stress, improved sleep, and increased feelings of relaxation. So far, no products containing CBN have been approved for medical use by the FDA. The limited scientific evidence in favor of using cannabinol for sleep comes mostly from small studies conducted in the 1970s and 1980s. We also weigh the benefits and risks of CBN as a sleep aid and offer information for those interested in trying CBN for sleep. CBN can come in forms like tinctures, capsules, or gummies, and it may also be combined with other sleep aids such as melatonin. After overnight tobacco abstinence single doses of 800 mg of CBD reduced the salience and pleasantness of cigarette cues which indicate that CBD may have a potential effect on motivational aspects of addiction . Hallak et al (2010) included a small group of heterogeneous schizophrenia patients and administered a single dose of CBD (300 or 600 mg). CBD was administered orally, in the form of oral gelatin capsules with doses ranging from 600 to 1,000 mg/day and the effects were compared to a placebo and active control. One randomized cross-over trial measured reactivity to negative stimulus through behavioral tasks and reported no effect at different incremental single doses of CBD (300, 600 and 900 mg). Single oral doses of 400 and 600 mg decreased anxiety and increased mental sedation measured with visual analogue mood scale in two individually randomized cross-over trials 21, 22. Researchers concluded that further work is required to definitively establish the impact of cannabis on CVD, and it is reasonable to recommend against recreational cannabis consumption, especially in individuals with a history of coronary artery disorders.It is imperative for consumers to check local laws to ensure compliance and understand potential legal restrictions regarding CBD use for emotional health.One study tested in vivo DDI potential between CBD and co-administered clobazam, which is metabolized extensively by CYP3A4, CYP2C19, and CYP2B6, and also may be a competitive inhibitor on these isoforms .The effect of oral administration of CBD (20 mg/day for 8 weeks) on disease activity assessed by the Crohn’s disease activity index was evaluated in a small group of patients with long-standing Crohn’s disease taking concomitant medications.According to "What Drugs Should Not Be Taken with CBD? Interactions …", these interactions can lead to adverse effects, such as increased risk of bleeding or reduced efficacy of other medications.Dr Alexander Van Heerden joined Releaf as a Clinical Doctor in late January 2024, bringing with him eight years of experience in the medical industry.Nevertheless, when edibles contain high concentrations of Δ9-THC and low concentrations of CBD and other cannabinoids, their users may be at higher risk of experiencing adverse effects.Most of the studies examining these effects were polysomnography-based primarily done in the early 1970s.Individuals considering CBD oil for chronic pain should consult with a healthcare professional to discuss potential benefits, risks, and appropriate usage. While CBD is generally considered safe, high doses may not be well-tolerated by everyone . This lack of standardization allows for a wide range of dosages in available products . Moreover, the regulatory framework surrounding CBD products is still developing, leading to inconsistencies in quality control and labeling practices across manufacturers . Given the known effects of endocannabinoids on the serotonin receptors, it has been postulated that these compounds may also have a role in respiratory stabilization and management of sleep disordered breathing.Regarding the effects of CBD on depression symptoms, further research is required to draw conclusions (Khalsa et al. 2020; Schier et al. 2014; Turna et al. 2017).But many states have made it legal to use cannabis.The study emphasized the need for stricter guidelines and quality control measures to ensure consumer safety.Keeping a journal of experiences can also be beneficial, allowing users to track dosages and effects comprehensively.Figure 1 graphically displays the trend in anxiety and sleep scores over the study period.In a clinical trial involving 120 children with Dravet syndrome with drug-resistant seizures, CBD was tested as an add-on therapy to antiepileptic drugs to reduce the frequency of seizures.Evidence from studies in adults suggests THC/CBD combinations provide mild to moderate alleviation of pain in a variety of conditions, e.g., cancer related pain, fibromyalgia, non-specified chronic pain, and neuropathic pain. The committee found little evidence of a relationship between acute cannabis consumption − but not chronic cannabis consumption − and acute myocardial infarction (MI) risk. It is anticipated that legalization expansion of cannabis will cause the rates of consumption to increase . The cannabis market is expected to expand at a compound annual growth rate of 14% from 2021 to 2028 according to the report. The global legal cannabis market size is expected to reach USD 84B by the end of 2028, according to a report by Grand View Research . One study found that taking CBD with anticoagulants may reduce their effectiveness and increase the risk of stroke. Some people have anecdotally reported that combining the two causes upset stomach. Combining them with CBD can cause doses to build up in your body, which may lead to hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid). The lack of CBD impact to healthy control groups is a phenomenon that has been demonstrated consistently in vivo , , , , .One study used SPECT to investigate cerebral blood flow in patients with social anxiety disorder and one study examined metabolite concentrations using proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H-MRS) in patients with autism spectrum disorder (Table 3).In this study, CBD was administered prior to conditioning rather than prior to re-exposure as in acute studies, thus further directly comparable studies are required.CBD gummies contain cannabidiol, which is a phytocannabinoid that interacts with the body's endocannabinoid system.According to Forbes Health, CBD gummies can be an effective natural remedy for managing chronic pain, as they interact with the body's endocannabinoid system to reduce inflammation and pain perception.Challenges using CBD chewing gum were noted, including participant adherence to chewing time guidelines (30 min), number of doses/gums taken, and reports of unpleasant air ingestion rendering the delivery method potentially ineffective . CBD is a non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid (Jensen, et al., 2015) found in approximately 40% of cannabis extracts, and has analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties (Gazendam et al, 2020). THC is primarily responsible for the spray’s psychoactive effects of “euphoria.” One prescription phytocannabinoid, nabiximols (Sativex®), comes in an oromucosal spray of whole cannabis plant extract and is approved in Canada. Phytocannabinoids are exogenous (i.e., not found in the human body) cannabinoids isolated from the cannabis plant; and, when ingested, they bind to cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2). Within the cannabis plant, cannabinoids are found in high concentrations in the buds, with lower concentrations in the leaves (see Figure 1). Whether you consume marijuana gummies or prefer to smoke it, marijuana use can quickly become a serious problem. Many of these side effects are also unpredictable and a person may not know how they’ll react to edibles until after they’ve already consumed them. Medication interactions Marijuana edibles can also interact with alcohol or medications. Or, if you react poorly to the effects of marijuana, you might experience uncomfortable or dangerous side effects. Each of the four states with legalized retail sales also has specific requirements about how edible cannabis products are manufactured. Nutritional information labels for edible cannabis products also vary across states. Dependent upon the state, edibles must be labeled with specific warnings about potential harmful aspects of cannabis and/or labels that provide nutritional information. Although recreational cannabis policies continue to evolve, all four states with legalized retail sales require labeling of edible cannabis products. Each state put into place a tax structure and set up a licensing system to regulate the cultivation and distribution of cannabis products before allowing retail stores to begin selling to consumers in 2014. Such testimonials underscore the potential of CBD gummies as a natural remedy for pain management. Many individuals have reported a significant reduction in pain levels after consuming CBD gummies, allowing them to engage in daily activities with greater ease. In this section, we will delve into the personal stories of individuals who have incorporated CBD gummies into their health and wellness routines, highlighting their experiences, benefits, and any challenges they faced. By considering the expert opinions and research on CBD gummies, individuals can navigate the complex world of CBD products and make informed decisions about their health and wellbeing. As the field of CBD research continues to evolve, experts will play a vital role in shaping our understanding of these products and their potential benefits. Recent studies show that CBD and other cannabinoids may help reduce acne by balancing sebum production, calming inflammation and supporting skin repair. Our expert clinical team and compliance specialists provide valuable insights to ensure accuracy when required. However, as with any health supplement, taking CBD responsibly and following recommended dosages is essential. CBD gummies are the fastest-growing form of CBD consumption in the UK and for a good reason. While CBD itself is generally well-tolerated, the other components in gummies, including gelatin, artificial flavorings, and sweeteners, can provoke adverse responses in certain individuals. Understanding the intricacies of CBD quality is vital for ensuring a safe and effective experience with these products. It is essential to identify brands that highlight their extraction methods and provide proof of lab testing, ensuring that the products are both safe and effective. Products that are third-party tested provide additional assurance of the quality and potency of the gummies. One major factor to consider when evaluating the quality of CBD gummies is the source of hemp from which the CBD is derived. Widespread efforts to reduce opioid medications for chronic pain (Dowell et al., 2016) markedly decreased the number of opioid prescriptions (Schieber et al., 2019) leaving older adults with unmet needs for treating their pain (Ritchie et al., 2020). Legalization of Cannabidiol (CBD) products has ignited interest in clinical practice and research. Furthermore, it is also not easy to replicate these effects in human clinical trials. You can use cannabis edibles as an alternative to smoking or vaping cannabis. Cannabis edibles are food or drink items made with cannabis or cannabis oils. The federal government amended the Cannabis Act on October 17, 2019 to allow the legal sale of cannabis edibles. Sign up for bi-weekly updates, packed full of cannabis education, recipes, and tips. You can mitigate your odds of induced psychosis by opting for cannabis strains high in CBD and low in THC. This guide examines the science, safety and access to medical cannabis treatments for acne in the UK. All of our articles are written by medical cannabis experts, guided by strict sourcing guidelines, and reference peer-reviewed studies and credible academic research. Article written by the Releaf Editorial Team, a group of seasoned experts in cannabis healthcare, dedicated to enhancing awareness and accessibility in the field through their wealth of knowledge and experience. With our tailored monthly packages, specialist consultations for medical cannabis, and a unique medical cannabis card for protection, you can access the treatment you require without worrying about the stigma. Reputable manufacturers will have their products tested by third-party labs to ensure they meet certain standards of quality and purity. If you are sensitive to THC or prefer to avoid it altogether, look for products that have been certified as THC-free or contain less than 0.3% THC. THC, or tetrahydrocannabinol, is the psychoactive compound found in cannabis plants. For example, if you are looking for a product to help with pain management, you may want to choose a gummy with a higher CBD concentration. Scientific studies have not reported any evidence of CBD allergies. ⁸ A similar 1987 study reported that CBD reduced the fertility of sea urchin sperm. In sum, there isn’t any evidence to suggest that CBD is bad for your liver unless you’re taking ridiculously large doses. Regulation and quality control measures can help prevent the production and sale of low-quality CBD products. Reputable manufacturers should provide clear labeling and third-party testing to ensure the purity and potency of their products. Strict quality control measures and transparent labeling are essential to ensure safe and effective CBD products. Responsible use and regulation are crucial in the CBD industry to ensure safe and effective products. So while, in theory, CBD is legal, products purchased from an unreliable source might not be. Additionally, 55% of the tested products had more THC than expected or legally allowed. Not all companies respect this law equally, and any products purchased from sketchy producers might have a higher content of THC than what is written on the label. Considering that using THC might cause some side effects, this is good news. This means no detectable amount of THC whatsoever is allowed in any CBD oils, making CBD isolates and broad-spectrum CBD the only legal products in the UK. Inhale CBD, eat it, or spread CBD lotion on your body, and the effects can vary. With a population grappling with the opioid crisis, alternative treatments to break the cycle of addiction are eagerly hoped for. In June 2018, the FDA approved Epidiolex, a purified CBD oral solution for patients with these conditions. But sometimes patients are desperate and curious about the miracle claims they see online regarding CBD. Despite these challenges, Mauck stresses that it’s important for health professionals to be as current on the research and developments as possible. Determine if other medications may become toxic when used concurrently with CBD. Effectiveness in pain management for older adults requires repeated evaluation. Counsel the patient on the lack of uniformity of product content, as this may impact their response and adverse effects. Patients can be instructed to take CBD with meals for improved bioavailability and a stable dose response. Determine when patients are taking CBD with respect to meals, since food may impact CBD levels depending on the route of admission. Additionally, because the survey was distributed online through social media posting and patient representative groups, patients with arthritis who have limited connectivity to the internet are potentially underrepresented. Third, patients with polarizing views on experiences using cannabinoids—whether they are positive or negative—may be more likely to have participated in the study, which could lead to either positive or negative bias. This higher prevalence may be due to a selection bias secondary to patients who have used CBD being more likely to participate in the study. The Cannabis plant has been cultivated and used for its medicinal and industrial benefits dating back to ancient times. In this chart review, CBD was well tolerated in all but 3 patients. Sleep scores improved within the first month in 48 patients (66.7%) but fluctuated over time. In addition, the studies of Freeman et al. (2018) and Wall et al. (2019) used an overlapping sample of healthy participants, and those of Bhattacharyya et al. (2018) and Wilson et al. (2019) a similar cohort of CHR individuals. In individuals with a psychiatric disorder, five studies assessed the acute effects of CBD compared to placebo (Crippa et al., 2011; Bhattacharyya et al., 2018; Pretzsch et al., 2019; Wilson et al., 2019; O’Neill et al., 2020). An increasing number of neuroimaging studies have been performed to examine the human neural mechanisms underlying the effects of CBD. CBD is one of the more than 100 cannabinoids that can be derived from the cannabis plant and is, unlike the main psychoactive compound delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), devoid of intoxicating effects (Freeman et al., 2019). Here’s what you need to know about CBD’s potential side effects. Clinicians should be aware of this when prompted for advice from patients as well as when treating patients with potential intoxication. The patient's lack of substance abuse history and unintentional overdose should raise concern for physicians as more people are consuming such products. People sometimes use cannabis to treat health conditions. However, some users have also reported negative side effects, such as drowsiness and dry mouth. User reviews and feedback provide a unique perspective on the use of CBD gummy bears, highlighting their effectiveness and potential side effects. It is essential to be aware of these potential side effects, including their severity and frequency, to ensure safe and effective use of CBD gummy bears. Rare side effects can include interactions with other medications, allergic reactions, and increased heart rate. Healthy controls were also recruited and used as a comparator to SAD patients, but did not receive CBD treatment. Bergamaschi and colleagues (2011) recruited patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD) to evaluate the efficacy of CBD (600 mg, oral) to decrease self-rated anxiety in the SPS test. CBD’s anxiolytic properties have been examined in experimental settings using paradigms such as the Simulated Public Speaking (SPS) task, which reliably increases self-reported anxiety levels in humans . Moreover, it is not uncommon for commercial CBD products to be marketed with specific health claims that are not recognized by the FDA.