Rimonabant, a selective inverse agonist at the CB1 receptor, reduces appetite and weight and was approved as a treatment for obesity before being withdrawn because of adverse psychiatric side effects . An increased incidence of diarrhoea in CBD-treated individuals is consistent with data from a small experimental study, which found that single doses of CBD, 1.5 g and 4.5 g, produced diarrhoea in 10% and 20% of participants, respectively . Again, these events only occurred in patients prescribed high doses of CBD (10–20 mg/kg/day). These hepatic enzymes metabolize clobazam and sodium valproate, which were prescribed in over half of the patients in the three main epilepsy studies included in the meta-analysis 17, 18, 27. If experienced, most side effects are mild, like dry mouth and drowsiness. The large majority of people experience no or minimal side effects. This is why some studies have found CBD may reduce the effect of THC. When you eat gummies, the same process occurs, but that doesn’t mean that gummies are any less potent. When ingesting CBD in any form, it has to go through your digestive system, which means it may take a bit longer to feel the effects. Higher dosages can be potentially harmful for the older adult; therefore direct applicability to older adults with cognitive and physiological challenges remain unknown (Sherman et al., 2018).Dr Alexander Van Heerden joined Releaf as a Clinical Doctor in late January 2024, bringing with him eight years of experience in the medical industry.In animal studies, cannabinoids have been shown to reduce apneas (primarily serotonin induced) when injected intraperitoneally in Sprague-Dawley rats; however, they may yield decreased REM sleep and sleep efficiency 75, 76.These findings highlight the importance of understanding the potential side effects of CBD gummies and taking necessary precautions to ensure safe use.Finally, chronic stress impairs eCB signaling in the hippocampus and amygdala, leading to anxiety 40, 41, and people with PTSD show elevated CB1R availability and reduced peripheral AEA, suggestive of reduced eCB tone .The purpose of this review was to synthesize available evidence from clinical research regarding the efficacy of CBD as a therapeutic.Moreover, the endocannabinoid tone-baseline levels of anandamide and 2‑AG-differs between teenagers experiencing chronic stress and those who are not, potentially influencing therapeutic response.Some studies have also suggested the role of the endocannabinoid system in modulation of the serotonin system 22, 23.It is essential to be aware of the potential risks and benefits of CBD gummies and to consult with a healthcare professional before using them, especially if you have any underlying medical conditions or are taking any medications. Current Research and Future Developments in CBD Safety Commercial CBD products are usually crude extracts from whole hemp plants (i.e., including flowers and stems). However, most of the CBD products worldwide are available as over the counter products or CBD-containing hemp extracts are used as ingredient in foods and beverages. Since hemp has been re-approved for cultivation as an industrial crop in the form of low Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC) hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) varieties in the European Union (EU), components of the hemp plant are increasingly used for the production of foods and other consumer products such as liquids for electronic cigarettes1. In view of the growing market for such lifestyle products, the effectiveness of the instrument of food business operators' own responsibility for product safety and regulatory compliance must obviously be challenged, and a strong regulatory framework for hemp products needs to be devised. Cannabidiol (CBD)-containing products are widely marketed as over the counter products. CBD appears to have little influence on physiological responses to stress (e.g., cortisol, heart rate), though few studies have incorporated such outcomes and many have relied solely on subjective measures of anxiety. CBD did not affect responses to negative emotional stimuli nor did it alter self-reported mood or anxiety . In another study, healthy volunteers ingested CBD (300, 600, or 900 mg) or placebo prior to being exposed to various visual stimuli, both positive and negative. Healthy controls were also recruited and used as a comparator to SAD patients, but did not receive CBD treatment. Bergamaschi and colleagues (2011) recruited patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD) to evaluate the efficacy of CBD (600 mg, oral) to decrease self-rated anxiety in the SPS test. You can also try other CBD products without THC to offer the benefits of the cannabinoid without side effects. If you notice any other effects, check with your healthcare professional. As these products have gained popularity over the past year, it has become abundantly clear that, like any other substance, there are some potential side effects you should be aware of. Cannabis products include any pharmaceutical or artisanal derivatives of the cannabis plant . Based on the potential risk and limited research, patients should use caution, and possible avoid, using cannabidiol and its derivatives with oral anticoagulants. In addition to being P-gp substrates, apixaban and rivaroxaban are metabolized by CYP3A4 which is also responsible for CBD metabolism found in the Jiang et al15 study; therefore, CBD could potentially alter the metabolism of apixaban and rivaroxaban to a greater extent than the other DOACs leading to increased bleeding risk. While CBD and THC are derived from the same plant, they have different effects on the body due to their distinct interactions with the endocannabinoid system. Understanding these effects is crucial, particularly for those considering integrating these substances into their daily regimen or for therapeutic purposes. A review from Preventive Vet notes that "CBD oil can be a useful tool for managing anxiety in dogs, but it is essential to choose a high-quality product and follow the recommended dosage." However, not all users have positive experiences, with some reporting negative side effects, such as drowsiness and stomach upset. Unlike THC, the psychoactive compound in cannabis that produces a “high,” CBD is non-intoxicating and is being studied for its potential therapeutic effects without altering perception or cognition.The effect of oral administration of CBD (20 mg/day for 8 weeks) on disease activity assessed by the Crohn’s disease activity index was evaluated in a small group of patients with long-standing Crohn’s disease taking concomitant medications.The federal stigma against cannabis in the United States, leading up to the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 and the Controlled Substances Act of 1970, have strongly limited research and prevented teaching about the drug in medical education.In this article, we will delve into the world of CBD gummies, exploring their ingredients, benefits, and safety concerns.Sativa (9-THC, 9% CBD) by inhalation divided in two doses (25 mg initially and 10 mg 35 minutes later).Cannabis does not seem to affect kidney function in healthy individuals.Cannabidiol (CBD)-containing products are widely marketed as over the counter products. Effect of CBD Gummies: Benefits, Risks, and Expert Insights CB1 receptors are primarily found in the brain and are responsible for regulating mood, appetite, and sleep, among other functions. These resources highlight the importance of understanding the differences between CBD and THC, another compound found in cannabis. CBD interacts with this system, influencing the body's natural chemicals to produce therapeutic effects. The human body has an endocannabinoid system, which is responsible for regulating various physiological processes, such as mood, appetite, and sleep. Users often report reduced pain, whether it’s chronic discomfort or occasional aches. We make microdose edibles with the cannabinoids and terpenes listed on the label. Dizziness (and nausea) can stem from multiple factors, and those side effects could be caused by a specific cannabinoid, terpene, or low-quality infusion method that you’re having a reaction to. Learn more about terpene effects in this article we wrote. If you're concerned about your heart rate or other symptoms, talk to your doctor or seek medical attention. Some people also experience GI issues when taking hemp bombs CBD gummies, but these are typically mild and don’t require medical attention unless they become severe (such as vomiting).The authors suggested that large-scale placebo controlled studies are needed to investigate the effects of CBD as an adjunct treatment for psychiatric disorder .Also, CBD alleviated acute liver inflammation and injury induced by cocaine and prevented seizures caused by cocaine toxicity .Recognising the transformative potential of medical cannabis, he joined Releaf to empower patients with an alternative treatment option tailored to their needs.Again, these events only occurred in patients prescribed high doses of CBD (10–20 mg/kg/day).It could be either the products of combustion or other plant chemicals that exist after combustion.Concurrent psychiatric medications were employed as in routine clinical care.CBD gummies have a premeasured amount of CBD, taste good and are rich in antioxidants. Fentanyl is a potent opioid that can be deadly, even in small amounts, while melatonin is a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. The contamination of CBD gummies with fentanyl and melatonin is a significant concern. An interprofessional team approach and open communication between clinicians (MDs, DOs, NPs, PAs), pharmacists, neurologists, and nurses are necessary to optimize outcomes for patients on cannabidiol therapy. CBD's therapeutic potential may be far more widespread than initially believed; researchers and clinicians should continue to evaluate and identify CBD's uses. Reports of required ventilation support for children and older adults after ingesting excessive cannabis amounts have been documented. It is essential to consult with a healthcare professional before using CBD products, especially if you have a history of anxiety disorders or are taking other medications. This includes starting with low doses, monitoring side effects, and consulting with a healthcare professional before using CBD products. According to a study published on "Cannabidiol Adverse Effects and Toxicity - PMC - PubMed," CBD can have potential adverse effects, including liver damage and interactions with other medications. A study published on "Cannabidiol Adverse Effects and Toxicity - PMC - PubMed" found that CBD can have potential adverse effects, including liver damage and interactions with other medications. Table 2. Overview of Included Studies and Principal Findings for Non-Controlled Clinical Trials. Properties of cannabinoids that might be of therapeutic use include analgesia, muscle relaxation, immunosuppression, anti-inflammation, anti-allergic effects, sedation, improvement of mood, stimulation of appetite, anti-emesis, and antineoplastic effects.28 However, there is no Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for these therapeutic uses. Prevalence of past year cannabis use has increased most rapidly in females aged 26 years or older. The main psychoactive component of cannabis, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), can also cross the placenta and has been detected in breastmilk. This case illustrates the potential of CBD to offer neuroprotective benefits, possibly contributing to slowing the progression of cognitive impairments in neurodegenerative diseases. Sarah’s case suggests that the anxiolytic effects of CBD can indirectly enhance cognitive function by reducing anxiety. No significant side effects were reported, and her overall quality of life improved. Consulting with a healthcare provider before starting CBD gummies is crucial for those with pre-existing conditions. These effects are typically mild but can be significant, especially for individuals using CBD gummies for specific health purposes, including weight management. Understanding these effects is crucial for anyone considering CBD gummies as part of their health regimen, particularly in the context of weight management and overall wellness. Therefore, the results provided evidence that THC contamination in the CBD products is the most likely cause for the anecdotal THC-like side effects reported. Collectively, they raise essential questions about dosage, product quality, and individual metabolic variations, contributing to the broader discourse on CBD use and its potential impacts. Although he initially experienced mild relief, he later reported gastrointestinal issues, including nausea and an upset stomach, after consistent usage. As researchers continue to explore the spectrum of CBD effects, it becomes paramount to approach long-term use with caution while advocating for further investigation into this area. Many users have reported positive effects, such as pain relief and reduced anxiety, while others have reported adverse effects, such as nausea and headaches. It is essential to consult a healthcare professional before consuming CBD gummies, especially for individuals taking certain medications, such as blood thinners or antacids. Therefore, it is essential to consult a healthcare professional before consuming CBD gummies, especially for individuals taking certain medications. For instance, a study published in the Journal of Cannabis Research found that CBD gummies can interact with other medications, such as blood thinners, and cause adverse effects. Users should ensure that they choose CBD gummies derived from hemp, which contain negligible amounts of THC, minimizing the risk of unwanted psychoactive effects . Such effects can be disheartening for those who expected CBD to provide calming benefits, leading to feelings of confusion or frustration. These may include heightened anxiety, paranoia, or mood swings, particularly among users who consume too high a dosage or have a predisposition to mental health disorders . Users may mistakenly rely solely on the gummies as their primary source of CBD rather than incorporating a variety of supplements and lifestyle changes that contribute to overall gut health . Another potential side effect of CBD gummies is the possibility of gastrointestinal disturbances . It has been hypothesized that the antagonistic effects of CBD might be through negative allosteric modulation of the CB1 receptor (Laprairie et al., 2015; Rohleder et al., 2016). Animal studies have shown that CBD has no significant affinity with the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 (Bisogno et al., 2001; Jones et al., 2010), but may act as an antagonist of both in presence of CB1 agonists (Thomas et al., 2007). CBD effects are most likely related to the endocannabinoid system (Rohleder et al., 2016), although its precise mechanism of action is not yet fully understood. In this regard, CBD has been proposed as novel therapeutic compound in several psychiatric disorders, such as psychosis (Iseger and Bossong, 2015; Batalla et al., 2019), anxiety disorders (Blessing et al., 2015), substance use disorders (Chye et al., 2019; Freeman et al., 2020) and autism spectrum disorders (Poleg et al., 2019; Fusar-Poli et al., 2020). Numerical Rating Pain Scale point reduction and percent pain reduction were evaluated among arthritis groups with nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis tests. Descriptive statistics were performed to evaluate the demographics of the study population and questions without mutually exclusive answers. Inclusion criteria included participants ≥18 years old and those with a prior diagnosis of arthritis as a cause of joint pain. Healthcare providers should also be aware of the potential for DDIs and ADEs with CBD and strategically prescribe and manage patient regimens while also considering patient desires for complementary or alternative therapies. Medical CBD users under clinical supervision should be screened for potential DDIs and ADEs between CBD, other pharmacotherapies, and their underlying conditions. While weight loss may be a desirable side effect for some users with other less serious conditions, weight loss or the underlying decreased appetite could complicate treatment, change how other medications are absorbed, or lead to other vitamin or mineral deficiencies. In focus groups with teenagers, females who did not use cannabis expressed more concern than female cannabis users and males (users and nonusers) about edibles and compared them to drinks that could be spiked with drugs (Friese et al., 2016). For example, a group of preschool teachers in California experienced nausea, dizziness, headache, and other symptoms after consuming brownies containing cannabis. Reports of inadvertent ingestion of cannabis edibles by adults are widespread. Out-of-town patient visits to a hospital in Aurora, Colorado, for health issues following consumption of edibles almost doubled from 85 per 10,000 visits in 2013 to 168 per 10,000 visits in 2014; statistically significant differences were not observed for Colorado residents during the same time period (Kim et al., 2016). In addition to emergency room visits by children, the number of cannabis-related emergency room visits by adult non-Colorado residents compared with those by in-state residents has also increased since recreational cannabis use was legalized in Colorado. A study published in the Observed Impact of Long-Term Consumption of Oral Cannabidiol on Liver Health also found that CBD may have adverse effects on liver health. For example, a study published in the Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics found that long-term consumption of oral CBD may have adverse effects on liver health. While these findings are promising, more research is needed to fully understand the effects of CBD gummies on liver health. In a clinical study with THC (5 and 15 mg), and low (5.4 mg THC, 5.0 mg CBD) and high (16.2 mg THC, 15.0 mg CBD) doses of Sativex® no significant CBD-induced modulation of tachycardia and other physiological effects evoked by THC was observed . Replication of this finding is important as cannabis is becoming increasingly available and administered through a variety of methods and increased potencies which may have varying impacts on sleep outcomes. Individual variable effects of regression model results for all PSQI measures by reported average CBD concentration controlling for gender, AUDIT, DASS, age, and the interaction of age and CBD concentration. Individual variable effects of regression model results for all PSQI measures by reported average THC concentration controlling for gender, AUDIT, DASS, age, and the interaction of age and THC concentration. Researchers are also exploring the potential benefits of CBD for pain relief and inflammation. Emerging trends in CBD research include the study of CBD's effects on mental health disorders, such as depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Consumers should also use CBD products responsibly, starting with low doses and monitoring side effects. It is worth noting that these studies were prudent given the indication of Epidiolex for refractory and serious seizure disorders with concomitant antiepileptic therapies . These findings were confirmed in additional in vivo studies with additional observed increases in topiramate, rufinamide, zonisamide, and eslicarbazepine . In that scenario, 100% of the 36 healthy adult participants experienced an adverse event, primarily central nervous system in nature and possibly related to THC rather than CBD. In some cases, individuals might experience heightened feelings of anxiety or paranoia, contrary to the expected calming effects of the compound . For example, some gummies may contain high levels of sugar or additives that can trigger allergies or exacerbate health issues . As the market for CBD has expanded, the variety of flavors, concentrations, and formulations of CBD gummies has increased, allowing consumers to select products that best fit their preferences and needs. Low dose of CBD has been found to be more stimulating, while higher doses have a sedating effect. Endocannabinoids have been shown to play a role in the circadian rhythm, therefore CBD is thought to have an effect on sleep 78-80. Epidiolex is an FDA approved medication, prescribed by physicians, and patients will be evaluated and monitored. This risk includes gastrointestinal side effects such as diarrhea, nausea and vomiting. CBD is one of the most potent cannabinoids that exist and has been studied extensively for its therapeutic benefits. When you eat CBD gummies, the active ingredients in them are absorbed into your bloodstream. Sleep Physiology Background questions included demographic information, characteristics of CBD use, and previous treatment modalities. The study was granted Institutional Review Board approval at the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, part of Northwell Health, and patient consent was not necessary because it was anonymous. (III) Were there any differences in reported symptoms based on the type of arthritis? The purpose of this study was to address this gap in the literature by evaluating the patient-perceived effect that CBD use has on arthritis symptoms. This measure was based on the hypotheses that drug anxiolytic effect should be manifested through changes in responses to negative stimuli, which also occur with single doses for common anxiolytics .Furthermore, synthetic additives or flavorings may also be present in low-quality gummies, introducing additional health risks .Unlike tinctures or capsules, gummies resemble ordinary candies, making them a convenient option for those who may be hesitant to use more traditional forms of CBD.For toxicological evaluation of the results, the lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) of 2.5 mg ∆9-THC per day published by the EFSA based on human data (central nervous system effects and pulse increase) was used33.However, despite the increases in calls to poison control centers, emergency room visits resulting from pediatric exposure to cannabis remain relatively low, even in decriminalized states.The patient's lack of substance abuse history and unintentional overdose should raise concern for physicians as more people are consuming such products. Additionally, they found that when comparing acetaminophen to placebo, there was only a 3% absolute reduction in pain and relative reduction in pain of 5% (Leopoldino et al., 2019). Patients with arthritic conditions were included in their chronic pain cohort, but they did not stratify by reason for chronic pain in their analysis (Gulbransen et al., 2020a, b). The osteoarthritis group had improved subjective physical function scores compared to the autoimmune arthritis group; however, it is unknown if this statistical finding is clinically meaningful. Furthermore, we sought to determine if participants with different types of arthritis had differences in perceived benefits of CBD. More than half of individuals (60.5%) reported a reduction or discontinuation of opioids, acetaminophen, and/or anti-inflammatories. Thirty-one percent (31%) of the participants in this study decreased or stopped their use of OTC drugs, and 19.2% decreased or stopped the use of Rx drugs during the 4 weeks of the study. The improvement in symptoms was also correlated with an increase in the number of CBD doses per day, but not the total amount of CBD being taken. However, except for the category of Other, both the pre-CBD and post-CBD SS improved for all PRfU categories over the 4 weeks of the study. These findings suggest that the individuals in this study are characteristic of adult CBD users in the US population. CBD, THC/CBD compounds, and administering oral and inhaled routes were investigated for adverse effects. Lung function should be considered with CBD therapy when inhalation is the chosen delivery method. Studies have shown Epidiolex® can cause dose-related hepatic injury (Greenwich Biosciences, Inc., 2018). Over-the-counter CBD products have little to no contraindications listed on the label. Protective effects of CBD against hippocampal neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment or motor hyperactivity have been demonstrated in gerbils and rats submitted to cerebral ischemia induced by bilateral carotid artery occlusion 125,126. Thus, repeated treatment with CBD from the first or third day at the latest after stroke induction improved the functional deficits, survival rates and ischemic damage . Importantly, repeated treatment with CBD for 14 days before the occlusion did not revealed the development of tolerance to its neuroprotective properties . In addition, one study showed that CBD also suppressed a decrease in CBF due to the failure of cerebral microcirculation for 1 h after reperfusion . This side effect is typically temporary and should subside once the body adjusts to the CBD gummies. While CBD has been studied for its potential to increase appetite in certain individuals, others may find that it suppresses their appetite . In order not to pay Xiao Zixuan s medical expenses and the old hen, she discussed it with Xie Yuluo. Reduced appetite is another side effect that some individuals may experience when taking CBD gummies . Despite the prevalence of cannabis use, there is limited available evidence regarding its safety, especially in regard to reproductive health, pregnancy and lactation. This is concerning because the available evidence suggests an adverse effect from cannabis exposure on male and female reproductive health. We will examine the importance of proper dosing and potential interactions with other medications, including the risk of adverse reactions. Users often mention that being aware of potential side effects and having strategies in place to manage them can make a significant difference in their experience. The absence of negative side effects in these cases underscores the importance of starting with a low dose and gradually adjusting to find the optimal level. Our findings show that overall effectiveness of CBD treatment is primarily by patients with moderate to severe symptoms. Patients treated with CBD-rich products were mainly women in their sixties, seeking predominantly chronic pain management. According to mixed ANOVAs, patients with moderate/severe symptoms reported symptom reduction whereas patients with mild symptoms reported symptom deterioration from baseline to FUP1. A Mean ESAS-r scores for the pain symptom, b mean ESAS-r scores for the anxiety symptom, c mean ESAS-r scores for the depression symptom, and d mean ESAS-r scores for overall wellbeing. No clinical effect was observed in any symptoms between FUP1 and FUP2 for patients with moderate/severe symptoms (− 0.4 to 0.5) as well as for patients with mild symptoms (from − 0.7 to 0.4). Safety and Side Effects of CBD Gummies CBD is extensively metabolized by CYP450 enzymes in the liver, in particular by the isoforms CYP3A4 and CYP2C1910.An evaluation of the EudraVigilance database of the European Medicines Agency showed 18.9% of serious individual case safety reports out of 102 cases reported in connection to unlicensed CBD (medicinal products excluded)27.Experts also highlight the need for further research to fully understand the effects of CBD gummies.Additionally, consulting with a healthcare professional is crucial, especially for individuals with pre-existing health conditions or those taking other medications.A review of potential side effects in humans found that CBD was well tolerated across a wide dose range, up to 1500 mg/day (orally), with no reported psychomotor slowing, negative mood effects, or vital sign abnormalities noted .When it comes to understanding the effectiveness of CBD gummies, one of the most valuable sources of information is the experiences of those who have used them.These levels should be obtained 1 month before and 3 months after initiating treatment.Overdose is the only reason you can suffer from mild side effects of CBG.They are made to be very easy to consume, which makes them perfect for those who are new to CBD products. Linear regression is largely robust to minor distributional issues when the sample is of an adequate size68 and the skewness and kurtosis measures for our PSQI subscales of sleep were within reasonable thresholds69 thus appropriate for linear regression. The questions can also be scored to make subscales of sleep efficiency, sleep latency, sleep quality, sleep disturbances, sleep medication, and daytime dysfunction. The first four questions ask participants to report on their bedtime, waketime, time to fall asleep, and sleep duration. The PSQI is a 19-item self-report measure that assesses individual sleep habits, sleep quality, and sleep outcomes. While there were no serious adverse effects and non-serious adverse events were observed including anemia (10%, 25%, and 19.05%), somnolence (15%, 15%, and 33.3%), and flatulence (14.29%) in the 40 mg/kg/day dosing group (INSYS Therapeutics Inc, 2016; Parikh, 2018). This study mainly aimed to provide the pharmacokinetics of CBD, as well as the safety and dosing information; however, they did report decreases from the baseline number of seizures. Furthermore, a decrease in the average duration of the seizure was reported in tonic-clonic, tonic, clonic, atonic, myoclonic, countable, and absence seizures; however, the placebo group also reported decreases (34%) in seizure duration as well (Guy et al., 2014; Devinsky et al., 2017). In addition to the proven efficacy, this research has shown an acceptable long-term safety profile and sustained reduction in seizures in long-term CBD treatments (Thiele et al., 2018). 43.9% of the treated patents reported improvement from baseline, which is contrasted to 21.8% reporting improvement in the placebo group. UGT1A9/2B7 substrates are summarized in Table 3 and are also among the most common medications used such as acetaminophen and ibuprofen and also common medications in complex patients who may use CBD such as tapentadol, canagliflozin, sorafenib, regorafenib, propofol, valproic acid, and mycophenolate.As THC acutely induces anxiety, this pattern may also be evident for chronic anxiety symptoms.But for conditions like depression, anxiety, migraines, and insomnia, only preclinical and pilot studies have been conducted, the Mayo Clinic review found.A meta-analysis, including 79 randomized control trials, summarized the benefits and adverse effects of their medical use.Other studies, however, found THC/CBD did not significantly improve pain in rheumatic diseases, nociceptive pain, or peripheral neuropathy (Ueberall et al., 2019; Fitzcharles et al., 2016; Serpell et al., 2014).Its various effects may differ depending on the dose, with low doses having a sedative effect, moderate doses having a stimulant effect, large dose having a hallucinogenic effect, and very large doses having a psychotic effect.Hence, it may be assumed that the adverse effects of some commercial CBD products are based on a low-dose effect of Δ9-THC, with the safety of CBD itself currently being unclear with significant uncertainties regarding possible liver and reproductive toxicity. Clinical studies of dronabinol, an orally administered pharmaceutical stereoisomer of Δ9-THC, have shown that, for some individuals, 2.5 mg is sufficient to produce recognizable effects, while for others, higher doses are necessary—in some cases daily doses exceeding 50 mg (reviewed in Grotenhermen, 2001). Anecdotal reports from medicinal cannabis patients confirm that even daily users may consume a higher dose than expected (Hudak et al., 2015). In addition, products available for medicinal cannabis patients may not have limits on maximum Δ9-THC content per serving (Brohl et al., 2015). Generally, in healthy adult users, psychotic symptoms brought on by an overdose of cannabis last only for the duration of intoxication, but in some cases, these symptoms can persist for as long as several days. Proper sleep contributes to memory formation, prevents sickness, and ensures you feel well-rested and have energy for the next day. Experts recommend adults sleep at least seven hours each night. Scrutinize labels, buy organic, and purchase from a certified medical dispensary or company that has a certificate of analysis. Even though CBD is legally and medically murky, consumers can take a few strategies to minimize risk. Current FDA Stance on CBD Safety Several studies have investigated the role of subclinical inflammation as part of its etiology 64,65. The effects of CBD on all subtypes of 5-HT receptors have yet to be reported as research has focused primarily on interactions with the 5-HT1A receptor. There is potential for drug-drug interactions, and thus, medical supervision of CBD administration is justified in at-risk populations as is generally recommended with supplements 22,23. Furthermore, there is evidence for CBD-mediated pain relief and treatment of arthritis 11,12. This anxiolytic effect may be related to other benefits such as improving sleep quality. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, administering 100 mg of CBD twice daily for 13 weeks positively impacted insulin resistance and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide in non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetes patients. Future studies should pay greater attention to CBD’s pharmacokinetic properties, providing more detailed and tailored treatment plans that cater to specific demographics and diseases. In a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled study, CBD demonstrated efficacy in managing symptom burden in advanced cancer patients receiving standard palliative care . It plays a role in relieving pain in late-stage cancer-related pain and opioid-resistant patients . CBD is widely used to alleviate pain, nausea, cachexia, and other adverse reactions in cancer patients . Basic research in humans showed an overall increase in the total amount of sleep with several sleep disorders 79, 80.The delayed onset of effects may mislead a person into taking a higher dose, leading to deep intoxication, overwhelming anxiety and nausea.In fact, this alkaloid compound has garnered attention for its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant , analgesic , and anticonvulsant effects.One study identified 139 medications that cannabinoids may affect, and 57 of them may be dangerous if their concentration is altered due to CBD affecting the medication’s metabolism.According to Healthline, CBD gummies may interact with other medications, including blood thinners, and may cause side effects such as fatigue, diarrhea, and changes in appetite.Because of its excellent tolerability in humans, the lack of psychoactive action and the low abuse potential, it seems an ideal candidate for use in a clinical context .Using cannabis often for years may worsen lung conditions and may cause serious, frequent vomiting, also called cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome.These suggestions require longitudinal multivariable investigation to study the association of cannabis with CV events. For this reason, it is crucial to consult a doctor before starting to use CBD if you are taking other medications. Potential risks include drug interactions and possible liver problems. It is important to monitor these effects and adjust the CBD dosage as needed to achieve the desired goals. It is advisable to start with a low dose and gradually increase until the perfect balance is found for each individual. Four recent studies have examined the utility of CBD for treating anxiety in the context of heroin , cannabis , and cocaine use disorders 47, 48. Therefore, future well-controlled studies are needed to further assess the efficacy of CBD for the treatment of anxiety disorders and to systematically assess whether efficacy varies based on symptom severity. Several recent studies have examined whether CBD can ameliorate anxiety symptoms among individuals with anxiety disorders, either as a stand-alone treatment 41, 42 or as an augmentation strategy in combination with another evidence-based treatment approach 43, 44. The authors reported no significant effects of CBD administration on VAS ratings of “anxiety” following a stress induction paradigm (mental arithmetic task). These side effects are typically mild and temporary, but they can be uncomfortable and may interfere with daily activities. CBD gummies are made by infusing CBD oil into a gummy base, which can be made from a variety of ingredients, including gelatin, sugar, and fruit juice. Poison control centers have been inundated with phone calls regarding delta-8 health-related issues and adverse reactions. We also updated the report of the most prevalent CBD adverse effects (AEs). Furthermore, subjective sleep measures have demonstrated reliability and consistency problems when compared to objective measures of sleep behaviors (such as actigraphy)86–88. We relied on self-report measures which limited our knowledge of the exact concentration of CBD/THC, thus our responses could have potential recall bias and response error. However, research on the effects of CBD on the body is still limited and so far no CBD products have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) By doing so, individuals can ensure that they are using CBD gummies safely and effectively, and as part of a comprehensive approach to managing their health. As the demand for natural remedies continues to grow, CBD gummies are likely to become an increasingly popular choice for individuals seeking a holistic approach to health and wellbeing. Current evidence, including WHO assessments, indicates that CBD does not produce rewarding effects or dependence liability in humans. Serious liver enzyme changes have been observed primarily in combination with certain prescription drugs. Consequently, a dose that is sub‑therapeutic in an adult might produce a comparable effect in a teen, but individual variability is high. However, new technologies such as nanotechnology and biofermentation are being explored, which could potentially lead to more efficient and cost-effective production methods. One area of research that is expected to have a significant impact on the future of CBD gummies is the development of new and more effective production methods. The future of CBD gummies holds much promise, with ongoing research and advancements in production, regulation, and public acceptance expected to shape the industry. By considering these factors and doing your research, you can choose high-quality CBD gummies that meet your needs and preferences. While CBD is legal in many countries, there may be specific regulations or restrictions on the sale and use of CBD products. It’s essential to be cautious when using CBD gummies, especially if you plan to operate heavy machinery or drive. Some users may experience digestive problems when consuming CBD gummies. CBD gummies may affect your appetite, causing some individuals to experience increased hunger, while others may find their appetite suppressed. However, it’s essential to remember that while CBD is generally considered safe, it may not be without side effects for everyone. Reliable information can be found in peer-reviewed scientific journals, reputable medical organizations’ publications, and through consultations with healthcare professionals specializing in neurology or pharmacology. While some studies indicate potential benefits in enhancing memory or aiding in the forgetting of traumatic memories, others suggest no significant impact. This bibliography combines fictional references for the case studies with actual research articles to provide a foundation for understanding CBD’s potential effects on cognitive function and memory. As the legal landscape around cannabis and hemp products continues to evolve, it is expected that more standardized and controlled research will emerge, providing clearer insights into CBD’s cognitive and memory-related benefits. CBD interacts with the body's endocannabinoid system, which plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes, including liver function 7. Take the Sleep Quiz to help inform your sleep improvement journey. Your daily habits and environment can significantly impact the quality of your sleep. Your doctor will be able to inform you if CBD is a viable option to meet your health goals. In recent times, the use of CBD gummies among teenagers has raised concerns, prompting a notable warning from authorities in Sydney, Australia. CBD is believed to have calming properties and may help with stress and anxiety, which are common issues faced by many teenagers. First and foremost, the fruity flavors and candy-like appearance of these gummies make them attractive to young individuals. The appeal of CBD gummies among teenagers can be attributed to several factors. CBD gummies are a popular form of CBD edibles that have become increasingly appealing to teenagers for various reasons. Weighing the Benefits Against the Risks of Daily CBD Gummy Use Dr Ishfark Ahmed is a General Practitioner at Releaf, bringing over 12 years of clinical experience since graduating with Honours from Keele Medical School in 2013. She completed her medical degree at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne in 1989, gaining full GMC registration in 1990. With a strong background in general medical practice, Dr. Calf provides comprehensive care across all aspects of family medicine. He is dedicated to offering compassionate, patient-focused care within the NHS, ensuring the highest standards of clinical practice. He works within the NHS at consultant level, combining technical expertise with a strong commitment to patient safety and high-quality clinical care. It is essential to consult with a healthcare professional before taking CBD gummies, especially if you have a medical condition or are taking other medications. Many users of CBD gummies have reported positive effects, including reduced anxiety and improved sleep. It is essential to consult with a healthcare professional before taking CBD gummies, especially if you are taking other medications or have a medical condition. However, it is essential to understand the potential side effects of CBD gummies, including their impact on the liver, as reported by Medical News. As evidenced from drug interaction databases such as the Medscape Drug Interaction Checker, which healthcare professionals and researchers primarily use to check for drug interactions, searches for CBD interactions typically yield few results. As of July 2020, 33 states and the District of Columbia have medical cannabis laws and 11 states and the District of Columbia have recreational cannabis laws. As expected, CBD has been reported to interact with anti-epileptic drugs, antidepressants, opioid analgesics, and THC, but surprisingly, it interacts with several other common medications, e.g. acetaminophen, and substances including alcohol. Although only these two syndromes are recognized indications for CBD, it has been consumed in an unregulated fashion for a variety of indications including chronic pain, muscle stiffness, inflammation, anxiety, smoking cessation, and even cancer. Recently, there has been increased interest in CBD, as several studies showed promising anticonvulsant efficacy with few side effects. CBD acts as a negative allosteric modulator of CB1, making it a promising therapeutic agent for liver diseases . More and more evidence shows that cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) is a key mediator of insulin resistance and liver lipogenesis. Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of the cannabinoids that possesses substantial therapeutic potential among numerous non-psychoactive compounds. Viral hepatitis is the predominant cause of most cases of acute hepatitis, but drug-induced liver injury is increasingly contributing to the overall cases. Cirrhosis typically arises from viral hepatitis, excessive alcohol consumption, and metabolic dysfunction-related steatotic liver disease (MASLD), previously referred to as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The Benefits and Risks of Using CBD Gummies In particular, CB1, TRPV1, and 5HT1A are thought to be related to psychosis, anxiety, and pain, respectively. Consider reducing the dose of sensitive CYP2C19 substrates, as clinically appropriate, when co-administered. CBD is metabolized via the CYP3A4 enzyme, and approximately 60% of clinically prescribed medications are also metabolized through CYP3A4. This review’s focus is not just limited to adverse effects but also any possible effects that could be attributable to CBD–drug interactions by simultaneous use either prescribed or consumed nonmedically. For most users, this isn’t an issue because it’s impossible to get high from CBD products. If you’re trying to decide whether CBD gummies are right for you, then knowing what is in them can help you make the right decision. They are generally recommended for those who have insomnia or sleep problems. However, it is not recommended to use too much as it can cause you to fall asleep while driving or at work. The chronic administration of CBD for most of the included studies had a duration of few weeks (4 - 6 weeks). We included 20 RCTs, two non-RCTs and three observational studies for all indications of CBD use. The evidence however arises from two case series and this should be taken into consideration when considering the results from this study . CBD offers a wide range of potential benefits, but it is vital to be aware of its side effects and risks. Animal studies have shown that high doses of CBD can cause liver damage. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a naturally occurring compound found in the cannabis plant and has been shown to have a wide range of medical benefits. We recommend consulting with your healthcare professional before using any products recommended on this site. Generally speaking, it’s only when individuals take extremely high CBD doses — such as those used for treatment-resistant epilepsy — that side effects become a more serious concern. As more studies are conducted and the benefits of CBD become more widely recognized, it is likely that CBD gummies will become an increasingly popular choice for those seeking natural remedies for various health conditions. These personal accounts highlight the potential benefits of CBD gummies for individuals struggling with sleep disorders. According to Healthline, "CBD has been shown to have potential therapeutic benefits for a range of conditions, including chronic pain, anxiety, and insomnia." Recently, Wei et al. reported that CBD counteracted trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced hypomotility when using the same dose and administration method as Lin et al. (1 mg/kg; intraperitoneal). These findings were contradicted by another report of CBD attenuating the effects of LPS treatment in mice rather than exacerbating LPS-induced hypomotility . Of note, isolated CBD (1–10 mg/kg; intraperitoneal and 5-60 mg/kg; oral) did not affect the percent transit in healthy mice at any dose . In a 1989 study, similar results were obtained when CBD was delivered using intravenous administration, without a discernible effect on intestinal transit of a radioactive marker . Purified CBD (6–30 mg/kg; oral delivery) did not significantly affect passage rates, though a full spectrum cannabis extract reduced transit time . This effect can vary significantly among users, with some experiencing heightened relaxation or a sedative effect, which may be beneficial in managing anxiety or sleep disorders. While many individuals report positive experiences with CBD, some may encounter certain adverse effects when consuming these edible products. As the market for CBD continues to expand, so does the range of products available, bolstering the appeal of CBD gummies among both new and experienced users alike. These CBD products are often mislabeled, suggesting that much less or much more CBD is being consumed than indicated on the label.He began with a daily dose of 25 mg, hoping to leverage CBD’s neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects.Cannabis is often smoked in combination with tobacco which makes it difficult to imply the association of only cannabis smoking with MI and ischemic stroke.Animal studies on Sprague rats by Carley et al. showed stabilization of respiratory patterns during sleep after injection of THC intraperitoneally, with dose-dependent effects on apneas.Learn how cannabis interacts with your body chemistry from two cannabis experts.CBD gummies can interact with other medications and substances, including prescription drugs, over-the-counter medications, and other supplements.These testimonials underscore the importance of personalization in using CBD gummies.Individuals taking CBD for chronic pain had the largest decrease in OTC usage, with 42.4% decreasing or stopping OCT drug use and 24.4% decreasing or stopping Rx drug use. Additionally, more clinical trials with a greater number of participants and longer chronic CBD administration are still lacking. This comprehensive review underlines the importance of a balanced approach, weighing the potential advantages against the risks. Additionally, they stress the importance of purchasing CBD products from reputable sources to ensure quality and safety. However, if you are still faced with some form of negative effects, go see a health expert immediately. Mostly, the dose amount mentioned in the product will generate the desired impact and there’s almost zero chance that you’ll ever face side effects. However, if you can fix your dosage, CBG has to offer you all the positive health benefits. Overdose is the only reason you can suffer from mild side effects of CBG. They are often affordable, easily accessible, and come in different mg doses to help patients quickly and easily manage their desired daily intake. They have expanded beyond the realm of traditional candies, now offering a discreet and convenient way to administer medical and health food supplement ingredients. Clinical studies have demonstrated the antipsychotic effects of CBD in both humans and animals. Nevertheless, scientists classify it as psychoactive due to its potential in addressing psychiatric conditions such as stress, depression, ADHD, autism, schizophrenia, anxiety, and PTSD. A responsible approach to using CBD gummies includes starting with a low dose and gradually increasing it until the user identifies a comfortable level that provides the desired benefits without unpleasant side effects. There is increasing social pressure in many countries for patients to legally use this cannabinoid to treat anxiety, depression, sleep disorders, pain, and more extensively, promote quality of life and well-being 4,5. We systematically searched EMBASE, MEDLINE/PubMed, and Web of Science without language restriction for RCTs that reported adverse effects after repeated oral CBD administration for at least one week in healthy volunteers or clinical samples published from January 2019 to May 2022. Lastly, our main effects of cannabis use on sleep outcomes did not survive multiple correction tests although our main effects of cannabis behaviors/history on expectations of cannabis as a sleep aid were trending as were both the main effect of reported average CBD concentration on sleep duration and the interaction terms of CBD and age for this model. Additionally, our cannabis expectations question was general in nature and did not allow for nuanced interpretation (in terms of specific sleep outcomes) nor for potential responses of cannabis exacerbating sleep problems and future studies should include more finite measures of expectations of improved sleep. This retrospective observational study suggests CBD-rich treatment has a beneficial impact on pain, anxiety, and depression symptoms as well as overall wellbeing only for patients with moderate to severe symptoms; however, no observed effect on mild symptoms. Although cannabis products like CBN show promise for helping people fall asleep quicker and stay asleep through the night, additional high-quality research is needed to understand the potential effects of cannabinoids on sleep. Considering the existing literature suggests that cannabis use has health implications for women, men, and subsequent offspring, it is concerning almost 70% of females in the US believe that consumption of cannabis is safe in pregnancy and only approximately half of US healthcare providers discouraged the perinatal use of cannabis.180 While the literature regarding the safety of cannabis use is limited, women and their health care providers should be informed of the potential adverse effects of cannabis use, especially when planning to conceive, during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Hemp gummies have gained popularity due to their potential health benefits, including reducing anxiety and promoting relaxation. Many of the published studies that show increased cannabis use frequency having a negative influence on sleep are of a much larger sample size and are typically from population-based samples, while our study was a cannabis using community sample. While no prior study has collaborated this theory using biological methods, we would speculate that increases in age might lead to biological alterations that would influence metabolism, potentially increasing the volume/distribution of CBD in a user’s system and increasing the positive effects of CBD on sleep factors. Our results of age moderating the relationship between reported average CBD concentration and sleep are novel and it has been speculated that there are age differences in cannabis effects. While prior studies have used oral administered CBD and THC (often in isolated or synthetic forms not typically used outside the laboratory) to look at sleep, this is the first observational study to look specifically at the associations of cannabis edibles and sleep. Cannabidiol effects in ischemic stroke have been studied mainly in mice and rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion (Table 4). Thus, cardioprotective effects of CBD in myocardial infarction seem not to be direct and might result from its anti-inflammatory properties . Chronic treatment with CBD also diminished infarct size and cardiac leukocyte infiltration in rat model of ischemia and reperfusion. Another study revealed that CBD antiarrhythmic effect against ischemia/reperfusion-induced ventricular arrhythmias is dependent on adenosine A1 receptors . In conclusion, the studies conducted so far do not reveal hypotensive action of CBD in hypertension, although this compound exhibit antioxidative properties in this disease. If you take too much too soon you can experience cannabis poisoning. You can use cannabis edibles as an alternative to smoking or vaping cannabis. Cannabis edibles are food or drink items made with cannabis or cannabis oils. Text in the website do not replace the professional advice of a doctor or pharmacist and cannot be used as a basis for independent diagnosis and the initiation, modification or termination of disease treatment. However, responsible use, ongoing research, and regulatory oversight will be crucial in realizing this potential while minimizing risks. As our understanding of CBD grows, it has the potential to become a valuable tool in personalized medicine and holistic wellness approaches. Independent laboratories provide unbiased analysis of CBD products, verifying their contents and safety. Some users may be more sensitive to certain compounds, increasing the risk of adverse effects. It is critical to mechanistically characterize any direct interactions between orally delivered CBD with endocannabinoid receptors in the gut as well as indirect interactions with the enteric nervous system. Further research will deploy systems-level approaches to quantitatively link multifactorial processes with qualitative participant outcomes to generate a rigorous understanding of the therapeutic effects of CBD on gastrointestinal motility disorders. Establishing optimal delivery parameters is critical for standardization of research and, importantly, CBD applications to effectively intervene in human physiology, including gastrointestinal motility. An inherent challenge in designing delivery systems is the incomplete understanding of the mechanisms by which CBD influences physiological function. Excipient food products, that is, food with specific ingredients or qualities to enhance bioavailability, could also benefit CBD users by modifying the absorption characteristics . These differences make it difficult to conduct comparisons across studies and to draw firm conclusions on the therapeutic efficacy of CBD for a given condition. However, the efficacy of CBD as a sole treatment for most of the other indications discussed in this review remains unclear due to various reasons. The 40 mg CBD dose elevated intraocular pressure relative to placebo and CBD had no impact on visual acuity, vital signs, and psychotropisms . HDL-cholesterol concentrations (primary trial endpoint) did not differ following CBD treatment relative to baseline . Because of its excellent tolerability in humans, the lack of psychoactive action and the low abuse potential, it seems an ideal candidate for use in a clinical context . However, its clinical use has been limited due to the effects on the central nervous system and the possibility of drug abuse and addiction. From the controlled trials, we identified anxiolytic effects with acute CBD administration, and therapeutic effects for social anxiety disorder, psychotic disorder and substance use disorders. When sertraline, a SSRI, was administered in combination with CBD in mouse model of post-traumatic stress disorder, the combination produced synergistic action on cognitive and emotional disturbances (severe anxiety and aggressive behavior)45. CBD also interacts with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) like tranylcypromine, phenelzine, and isocarboxazid by inhibiting their metabolism and causing these substances to remain in the circulatory system for longer periods of time leading to unpleasant side effects44. According to this study, CBD has its own seizure-reducing efficacy and not affected by pharmacokinetic drug–drug interactions with other AEDs. Concomitant CBD had significant effect on nCLB exposure (with 3.4-fold Cmax (maximum concentration) and AUC (area under the concentration-time curve)), and little effect on clobazam or stiripentol exposure, while no clinically relevant effect on valproate exposure was observed. The study also examined the reciprocal effect of these drugs on CBD’s safety and tolerability and its major metabolites (7-hydroxy-cannabidiol 7-OH-CBD and 7-carboxy-cannabidiol 7-COOH-CBD) when co-administered. In the last two decades, decriminalization policies and new scientific evidence have significantly increased interest in the therapeutic potential of cannabis and its derivatives . However, it can potentially interact with other drugs and its use should be monitored, especially at the beginning of treatment. Additionally, we found novel evidence of age moderating a positive association between reported average strength of CBD concentration and both better sleep duration and efficiency. Possession of a medicinal cannabis card allows purchase, with details dependent upon state law (e.g., approved conditions and amount allowed to possess). Although specific laws governing cultivation and regulating dispensaries vary across states (Fairman, 2016), most states distinguish between medicinal and recreational use of cannabis. In 1996, California became the first state to legalize medicinal use of cannabis. As additional initiatives to decrease or eliminate criminal penalties for possession of small amounts of cannabis are already pending in several states, this trend is likely to continue, at least in the short term. The follow-up visits serve to assess treatment compliance, safety, and effectiveness. A complete medical history, including primary and secondary diagnoses, was collected at baseline visit. A waiver of consent was required and approved by Advarra Ethics Committee, who also approved the study protocol, and by the provincial privacy commission (La commission d’accès à l’information du Quebec). Yet, RWE on CBD-rich products is scarce (Goodman et al. 2020; Shannon et al. 2019). Therefore, real-world evidence (RWE) provides valuable insights and supplemental information about the use, safety, and effectiveness of CBD-based treatments (Graham et al. 2020). Healthcare professionals are increasingly interested in the therapeutic potential of CBD, including its impact on cognitive function and memory. These links offer a starting point for anyone interested in understanding the nuanced effects of CBD on the brain, emphasizing the need for continued exploration in this rapidly evolving field of study. Additionally, the quality and dosage of CBD used in studies can vary significantly, which can influence the outcomes and interpretations of its effects. Larger, long-term studies are necessary to fully understand the effects of CBD on the human brain and its cognitive functions. In summary, despite the increase in cannabis use, there is limited available evidence regarding its safety, especially in regard to reproductive health, pregnancy and lactation. With recent legalization, the prevalence of cannabis use while breastfeeding has increased and is approximately 5%164 with up to 18% reported in certain populations.165 Lactating mothers tend to increase cannabis use within the first two months after childbirth.166 This is concerning because THC is lipid soluble and transferred through breastmilk where it is stored in lipid-filled tissue and slowly release over time in the offspring. This is consistent with histological studies demonstrating increased syncytiotrophoblastic knots and fibrin deposition in the villous stroma of human placentas from cannabis users.135 In rodents, prenatal THC exposure induces FGR and increased placental weight resulting in increased fetal/placental weight ratio.135–137 Abnormal placental steroidogenesis and estrogen signaling induced by THC might also explain placental dysfunction and adverse pregnancy outcomes in women that use cannabis during pregnancy.138 The existing human literature is conflicting and has likely contributed to the increased perception of cannabis users seeking infertility treatment that cannabis is safe and will not adversely impact fertility61,91,92. Previous studies suggested that CBD could promote fat cells’ browning and increase fat cells’ sensitivity to insulin 65,167. Obesity often leads to excessive fat accumulation in the liver and the occurrence of chronic inflammation, increasing the likelihood of severe liver diseases or HCC . The maximum dose is 30 mg, administered twice daily, and is gradually reduced after the condition stabilizes. This study suggests that intermittent administration of CBD is more effective than continuous administration, and the dosage of CBD is determined based on the mass of the tumor. Control of chronic joint pain remains a difficult feat, and patients commonly resort to surgical options such as total joint arthroplasty once nonoperative modalities have failed (Breivik et al., 2006; Geeske Peeters et al., 2017; Peter et al., 2015). Few studies have looked specifically at arthritis to determine the subjective benefits of CBD use. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), positive public perception has led to an increase in the utilization of CBD as a treatment option for various medical conditions. In particular, results show potential for the treatment of multiple PTSD symptom domains, including reducing arousal and avoidance, preventing the long-term adverse effects of stress, as well as enhancing the extinction and blocking the reconsolidation of persistent fear memories. Finally, El Batsh et al. reported that repeated CBD doses over 21 days, that is chronic as opposed to acute treatment, facilitated conditioned freezing. In a chronic study, systemic CBD prevented increased anxiety produced by chronic unpredictable stress, in addition to increasing hippocampal AEA; these anxiolytic effects depended upon CB1R activation and hippocampal neurogenesis, as demonstrated by genetic ablation techniques . As yet, few studies have examined chronic dosing effects of CBD in models of generalized anxiety. The effects of CBD gummy bears can range from relaxation and stress relief to improved sleep quality and reduced inflammation. This section will provide an overview of the current state of knowledge on CBD gummy bears, including their composition, effects, and potential risks. The use of CBD gummy bears has gained popularity in recent years due to their ease of consumption and perceived health benefits. Overall, synthetic derivatives in their purest form with known mechanism of action, route of administration, and thoroughly studied pharmacology have a greater potential of revolutionizing their therapeutic role in sleep disorders. Currently, some placebo-controlled trials are underway for evaluation of the effects on sleep apnea and insomnia . The intended use of CBD gummies is to provide a relaxing and calming effect, which can be beneficial for individuals dealing with stress, anxiety, or insomnia. They are designed to provide a convenient and discreet way to consume CBD, which is believed to have various health benefits. CBD gummies are a type of cannabis edible that contains CBD oil, which is extracted from the cannabis plant. While THC is known for its psychoactive properties, CBD is valued for its potential therapeutic benefits. Get the latest health tips and articles delivered directly to your inbox. Therefore, the evidence presented in the present work points to the need for additional primary research in order to unveil and clarify mechanisms of not only appetite modulation by CBD, but also on other metabolic effects of CBD that may contribute to changes in body weight. This observation may indicate that for example in the context of epilepsy, CBD in lower doses may have a small effect on appetite (which is many times considered to be an adverse event) and still reduce the number of seizures, but that at higher doses, CBD may prompt more significant changes in feeding behavior. In these two studies, it is thus difficult to isolate the effect of CBD and thus care should be taken when concluding about the effect of CBD. More importantly, the trials on epilepsies and autism spectrum disorder involved young participants (sometimes as young as 3 years of age) and it is not clear in which cases the assessments of appetite changes were reported by the participants directly or their caregivers. This resulted in blockade of excessive sleepiness during the lights-off period. Recently, an animal study described the role of CBD in an orexin-deficient rat with narcolepsy which was injected with CBD at the beginning of the dark phase . Some report improvement in sleep with CBD use, while others report increases in wakefulness 28, 93. In contrast to the well-established role of THC in sleep promotion, CBD’s effect is contradictory .