See Figure 7.6 for an illustration of signs of breast cancer. People of both genders who have a strong family history of breast cancer or inherited changes in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes have a high risk of getting breast cancer. There are also other kinds of breast cancer. It is inserted through the cervix by a health care provider. They carefully guide instruments through tiny incisions in the body and deliver targeted treatments for conditions such as heart disease, stroke, cancer, and uterine fibroids. During a lymph node biopsy, lymph node tissue is removed for examination under a microscope by a pathologist to diagnose medical conditions like infection or cancer. Leukemia (lū-KĒM-ē-ă) is cancer of the bone marrow, the body’s blood-forming tissues. Pleural effusion is typically caused by a medical condition, such as pneumonia, heart failure, infection, or lung cancer. Influenza (in-floo-EN-ză), commonly referred to as the “flu,” is a highly contagious viral infection affecting the respiratory tract. Cystic fibrosis (SĬS-tĭk fī-BRŌ-sĭs) is a genetic disease that causes problems with breathing and digestion. To read current information about COVID-19 symptoms and treatment, go to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website on COVID-19. Individuals with symptoms should get tested for both influenza and COVID-19 and take appropriate precautions to prevent the spread of infection. You cannot tell the difference between the common cold, influenza, and COVID-19 by symptoms alone because all have similar symptoms. Petechiae and purpura are red or purple spots on the skin caused by microscope hemorrhages that do not turn lighter in color when pressure is applied. Thrombocytopenia (thrŏm-bō-sī-tō-PĒN-ē-ă) refers to an insufficient number of platelets, causing ineffective blood clotting and the potential for excessive bleeding. Thrombolysis (thrŏm-BŎL-ĭ-sĭs) refers to the dissolution of a clot. The severity of allergies varies from person to person and can range from minor irritation to a potentially life-threatening emergency called anaphylaxis (ăn-ă-fĭ-LĂK-sĭs). Because the majority of oxygen carried in the blood is attached to hemoglobin within the red blood cells, pulse oximetry estimates how much hemoglobin is “saturated” with oxygen. The more oxygen the hemoglobin in red blood cells carry, the brighter red the color of the blood. In the lungs, perfusion occurs in the pulmonary circulation (PŬL-mŭ-năr-ē sĕr-kyŏŏ-LĀ-shŭn), as it moves from the heart to the lungs and then back to the heart for distribution to the body. Macrophages “eat up” damaged cells, pathogens, and debris. Monocytes are a type of white blood cell that are macrophages (big eaters). Examples of internal defenses include phagocytosis, inflammatory response, and fever. These work to protect the body if a pathogen gets past the physical barriers and into the body. Because the weakest bones that break most often due to osteoporosis are the hip and spine, DEXA scans typically measure bone mineral density in these bones. DEXA scans use radiation to measure how much calcium and other minerals are in a specific area of the bone. When too much bone is lost, osteopenia or osteoporosis can develop, causing bones to become weak and brittle and increasing the risk of fractures. A bone mineral density (bōn mĭn-ĕr-ăl dĕn-sĭ-tē) is a test that measures calcium and other minerals in bone. However, the risk of developing cancer from radiation exposure is generally small. Common symptoms of thrombocytopenia include bleeding gums, blood in the urine or stool, or petechiae and purpura. Medications like tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), commonly referred to as “clot busters,” are used to dissolve severe clots causing heart attacks, strokes, or pulmonary embolism. A bruise, also known as a contusion (kon-TU-zhun), occurs when the small veins and capillaries under the skin break, releasing blood into the surrounding tissue. Symptoms of a hematoma include redness, warmth, swelling, inflammation, and pain and require medical treatment. Finally, endocrine glands scattered throughout the body release hormones into the bloodstream, where they are transported to distant target cells they affect. Incorporating natural ways to increase blood flow to the penis is an important step in managing ED. If blood flow is restricted or the blood vessels are damaged, it can prevent the penis from becoming or staying erect. For this process to work smoothly, the blood vessels must be healthy and able to carry a sufficient amount of blood. As these chambers fill with blood, the penis becomes rigid. When a man becomes sexually aroused, nerves release chemicals that increase blood flow to the penis. These are considered primary cancers because they originate in the bones. This section will discuss common diseases and disorders of the skeletal system. Additional information about body movements is found in the “Physiology of the Muscular System” section of the “Muscular System Terminology chapter. Synovial joints provide most of the movement of the body when bones and muscles work together at these joints. Cerclage (sĕr-KLĂZH) is a procedure typically performed during the second semester of pregnancy to prevent preterm labor and miscarriage. It is preferred because it recognizes that symptoms occur on a spectrum and that all individuals do not have the same characteristics. One of the most commonly used teratogens is alcohol. Symptoms of a DVT often include calf pain in one leg with swelling, redness, and warmth of that leg. For example, a pulmonary embolus (PE) is a medical emergency caused by a DVT that became an embolus and lodged in the lung. DVTs can break free and become life-threatening emboli that travel to other areas of the body and cause blockages. Read more about these procedures in the “Medical Specialists, Diagnostic Testing, and Procedures Related to the Cardiovascular System” section. Common diseases and disorders of the digestive system are discussed in this section.Ejaculation (i-jak-yŭ-LĀ-shŏn) refers to the ejection of sperm-containing semen from the penis during orgasm (OR-gazm), the climax of sexual stimulation.A hemorrhage is a medical emergency.If untreated, chlamydia in females can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PĔL-vĭk ĭn-flă-MĂ-tōr-ē dĭ-ZĒZ) (PID), which can cause permanent damage to the reproductive organs and infertility.The heart is located within the thoracic cavity, medially between the lungs, and in the space known as the mediastinum.Techniques such as meditation, deep breathing, and yoga can help manage stress, promoting better overall and sexual health.King’s Health Partners Mind & Body is committed to joining up mental and physical healthcare, training and research to improve health outcomes for our patients and service users.Nutrients (NŪ-trē-ĕntz) are substances that provide nourishment to cells. Some B cells become memory B cells that are involved in immunological memory to ensure a stronger and faster antibody response if the body is exposed to the same antigen in the future. B cells make plasma cells that produce Y-shaped proteins called antibodies (ANT-i-bod-ēz) that destroy pathogens based on their antigens. Fever enhances the innate immune response by stimulating white blood cells to kill pathogens. Red bone marrow is primarily located in flat bones such as the sternum, skull, and pelvis. Phlebotomy (flĕ-BOT-ŏ-mē) refers to the opening or puncture of a vein in order to withdraw a blood sample for analysis. See Figure 10.1 for an illustration of the composition of blood in a blood sample. Plasma suspends RBCs, WBCs, and platelets, enabling them to circulate throughout the body within the cardiovascular system. Plasma is a pale, straw-colored fluid that constitutes 55% of a blood sample. This procedure continues until only cancer-free tissue remains. Melanoma (mel-ă-NŌ-mă) is skin cancer caused by the uncontrolled growth of melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells in the epidermis. Skin cancer is common, with one in five Americans experiencing some type of skin cancer in their lifetime. New onset of petechiae should be immediately reported to a health care provider because it can indicate a serious underlying medical condition. It is a vital function for the survival of humans and many other organisms, facilitating the exchange of gases in the lungs and tissues. It’s used to collect cells from the bronchial tubes. It is used to check how well the lungs are able to move oxygen into the blood and remove carbon dioxide from the blood. Tests for lung cancer. Thrombocytosis (thrŏm-bō-sī-TŌ-sĭs) refers to an abnormally high number of platelets (thrombocytes) in the blood, which can cause thrombosis. Although leukocyte counts are high, the cells themselves are often nonfunctional, leaving the individual at increased risk for infection. Leukocytosis (lū-kō-sī-TŌ-sĭs) is excessive leukocyte (white blood cell) production. If you feel uncomfortable about the size of your junk, chat to a medical professional.Hydronephrosis (hī-drō-nĕ-FRŌ-sĭs) is the swelling of one or both kidneys because of urine backflow into the kidney.If the liver is unhealthy, it may not break down proteins the way it should, and if the kidneys aren’t healthy, they may not correctly filter urea.Either of these problems can lead to an increased amount of urea nitrogen in the blood.Quitting smoking can help improve blood flow to the area, which can promote growth.Most polyps are not cancerous, but some may develop into colon cancer over time.By targeting the virus itself and sparing the cells, this approach has been successful in significantly prolonging the lives of HIV-positive individuals. A fleshy extension of tissue called the uvula (YŪ-vyū-lă) drops down from the center of the soft palate. Here are examples of common medical terms related to the digestive system that can be easily defined by breaking the terms into their word components. The process starts with identifying the unique human leukocyte antigens (hyū-măn lū-kō-sīt ĂN-tĭ-jĕnz) (HLAs) for the organ donor and recipient, either from blood or tissue. Myeloma (mī-ĕ-LŌ-mă) is a type of cancer that forms in the bone marrow. Yellow bone marrow contains adipose tissue, which can serve as a source of energy. There are two types of bone marrow called red and yellow. The bones of the skeletal system are comprised of an inner spongy tissue referred to as bone marrow. Testicular torsion commonly occurs between ages 12 and 18 and usually requires emergency surgery. The reduced blood flow causes sudden, severe pain and swelling. Testicular torsion (tĕs-TĬK-ū-lăr TOR-shŏn) occurs when a testicle rotates, twisting the spermatic cord that brings blood to the scrotum. Men with trichomoniasis may notice itching or irritation inside the penis, burning after urinating or ejaculating, or discharge from the penis. Although symptoms vary, most people who have trichomoniasis cannot tell they have it. CKD has varying levels of seriousness and usually gets worse over time, although treatment has been shown to slow its progression. Kidney disease is a leading cause of death in the United States. Acute kidney failure is diagnosed through blood and urine tests that measure creatinine, urea nitrogen, and protein levels in the blood and urine. Symptoms of bone cancer may include fatigue, unintended weight loss, bone pain, swelling, tenderness, and weakened bone leading to fractures. Red bone marrow produces the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. An equilibrium between osteoblasts and osteoclasts maintains healthy bone tissue. Chapter 17 Endocrine System Terminology Over time, this tension might encourage tissue expansion and potential lengthening.Some trans people find penis pumps useful for encouraging clitoral growth over time.Medical specialists, diagnostic tests, and procedures related to the nervous system will also be discussed.They administer heart medications, help patients recover from heart surgery, or perform emergency care like assisting in defibrillation.A penis pump is “a vacuum device that creates a suction effect to increase and encourage more blood flow to the penis,” says Dr. Christopher Asandra, a sexual health expert and founder of anti-aging clinic FOY by AsandraMD.Symptoms of lymphoma include swollen lymph nodes, fever, drenching night sweats, weight loss, and fatigue.A series of wave-like muscle contractions called peristalsis (per-ĭ-STAL-sĭs) push food through the esophagus and into the stomach.Decreased cortisol results in hypoglycemia (hī-pō-glī-SĒ-mē-ă), which is low blood glucose levels.The central nervous system (SEN-trăl NŬR-vŭs SĬS-tĕm) (CNS) includes the brain and the spinal cord. Arthroscopy (är-THRŌ-skō-pē) is a common procedure performed by orthopedic surgeons to view the inside of a joint to diagnose and/or to repair joint problems. The most common bone mineral density test is a central dual energy X-ray absorptiometry or also called a DEXA scan (DĔK-să skăn). Diagnostic radiologists use a variety of imaging procedures to see inside the body and assess or diagnose the patient’s condition. Over time, hyperglycemia damages the blood vessels in the heart, kidneys, feet, and eyes. It can also cause high blood pressure, bone loss, poor wound healing, and type 2 diabetes. A common cause of Cushing’s disease is a pituitary tumor. Cushing’s disease (KŪSH-ĭngz dĭ-ZĒZ) is a disorder caused by the excessive secretion of cortisol, resulting in hyperglycemia (hī-pĕr-glī-SĒ-mē-ă), which is elevated blood glucose levels. Ancient Chinese Fangzhongshu (Sexual Skills and Methods) Therapy for Premature Ejaculation An example of such equipment is a heart-lung machine used during some types of coronary artery bypass surgery. Cardiovascular surgeons surgically treat heart disorders. Cardiology (kăr-dē-ŏl′ō-jē) is the study of the heart. “Diagram_of_the_human_heart_(cropped).svg” by Wapcaplet is licensed under CC BY 3.0 What is high blood pressure. Fibromyalgia is diagnosed by health care providers based on the patient’s history, physical examination, X-rays, and blood work. A contracture (kŏn-TRĂK-chŭr) is a condition of shortening and hardening of muscles, tendons, or other tissue, often leading to deformity and rigidity of joints. Common treatments include medications; surgery; braces; and physical, occupational, and speech therapy. This contraction pulls on the bones and assists with movement. The hamstring (HĂM-strĭng) tendons refer to five tendons at the back of a person’s knee that connect a group of three hamstring muscles to bones in the pelvis, knee, and lower leg. The Achilles tendon (ə-KĬL-ēz TĔN-dŏn) attaches the calf muscles to the heel bone. A tendon is a flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue. Chapter 14 Muscular System Terminology Furthermore, the fillers can cause significant complications, such as granulomas (small nodules at the site of an infection or inflammation), penile distortion, and foreign body reactions. Complications include infection, bleeding, and scarring, as well as erectile dysfunction and loss of sensation. While the desire for a larger penis is understandable, the available medical options have significant drawbacks. As a board-certified urologist, I’ve seen a growing demand for penis enlargement procedures. This can be an unhealthy and often unnecessary fixation, especially because most men who think their penises are too small have perfectly normal-sized penises. An echocardiogram is often used to diagnose heart failure and valve disorders impacting the flow of blood through and out of the heart. Doppler ultrasound is also used during echocardiography to determine the speed and direction of blood flow through the valves and chambers of the heart. During a cardiac stress test procedure, a patient is asked to walk on a treadmill or pedal a stationary bicycle to evaluate the heart’s function during strenuous activity. Hair cells within the vestibule sense head position, head movement, and body motion. Here are examples of common medical terms related to the sensory systems that can be easily defined by breaking the terms into their word components. Surgical procedures related to the muscular system include tenomyoplasty, tenorrhaphy, and myorrhaphy. An electromyogram (ē-lĕk-trō-mī-Ŏ-grăm) (EMG) is a diagnostic procedure that assesses the function of nerve cells that control muscles. Massage therapists (MĂ-sāj THĔR-ă-pĭsts) treat patients by applying pressure to manipulate the body’s soft tissues and joints. Patients who undergo splenectomy (splē-NEK-tŏ-mē), the removal of the spleen, experience reduced immune function and have an increased risk of infection. The spleen and liver are accessory organs for blood production and clotting regulation. Hemostasis and blood clot formation are further discussed in the “Physiology of the Hematology System.” Platelets (PLĀT-lĭtz), also called thrombocytes, help form a clot when there is bleeding. Anterior Pituitary Gland These word components help build definitions for many medical terms. This section will describe common word components related to the male reproductive system system. Medical specialists, diagnostic tests, and procedures related to the male reproductive system will also be discussed. In most cases, acromegaly is caused by a benign tumor in the pituitary gland, called a pituitary adenoma (ăd-ĕ-NŌ-mă). Because the growth plates are closed in adults, the bones grow wider and thicker. Each hormone binds to receptors on specific target cells, creating a desired response. The endocrine system communicates with other parts of the body by secreting hormones from the endocrine glands. Receptors located in the pancreas sense blood glucose levels. Diagnostic tests include an upper GI series or upper GI endoscopy with biopsy. Esophageal cancer typically affects men who are age 60 or older and grows and spreads rapidly. The presence of diverticula is known as diverticulosis (dī-vĕr-tik-yŭ-LŌ-sĭs). Diverticula are common, especially after age 40, and seldom cause problems. Rhabdomyolysis may be caused by injury or any other condition that damages skeletal muscle.As another example, a platelet apheresis donation can provide as many platelets as those obtained in four to six whole-blood donations.Endometrial ablation (en-dō-MĒ-trē-ăl ă-BLĀ-shŏn) is a procedure that destroys the endometrial lining of the uterus to reduce or stop heavy menstrual bleeding.Histamine released during the immune response is a primary cause of allergy and anaphylactic shock symptoms.Low blood pressure, called hypotension (hī-pō-TEN-shŏn), has several causes, such as dehydration, vomiting, diarrhea, or medications used to treat hypertension.People who are in a long-term, mutually monogamous relationship are not likely to get a new HPV infection.Fibromyalgia is treated by a doctor or team of health care professionals who specialize in the treatment of fibromyalgia.See Figure 10.16 for an illustration of CBC with differential test results indicated behind a tube of drawn blood.The paired bones are the maxillae, palatine, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, and inferior nasal conchae bones. When the pubococcygeus weakens, it is unable to prevent blood from flowing out of the erect penis, making erections more difficult to maintain.’ ‘A man’s pelvic floor is made up of layers of muscle and various other tissues that stretch like a hammock from the tailbone to the pubic bone. You could also end up with bruising, pain and fibrosis (permanent hardening of soft tissue in the penis). We ask Dr Earim, who is the medical director of the men’s wellness platform Manual, to give us the lay of the land (and to avoid you accidentally injuring or snapping your penis). There is no scientific evidence to suggest that creatine supplementation has any impact on penis size. However, environmental factors and overall health can also influence development. Yes, penis size has a genetic component, with factors such as genetics and hormonal influences playing a role in determining an individual’s natural size. Losing weight may not directly increase penis size, but it can affect the visibility of the penis. Between these two folds are the palatine tonsils, clusters of lymphoid tissue involved in the immune system. The hard palate ends in the posterior oral cavity where the tissue becomes fleshier. If you run your tongue along the roof of your mouth, you’ll notice the roof of the mouth has an arch called a hard palate (HARD PAL-āt). This section will describe common word components related to the digestive system. Eczema (eg-ZĒ-mă) is an allergic, inflammatory condition that manifests as dry, itchy patches of skin that resemble a red, flaky rash. Burned skin is also extremely susceptible to infection due to the loss of protection against pathogens by the skin. Examples of benign tumors in the integumentary system are dermatofibroma (dĕr-mă-tō-fī-BRŌ-mă), a firm, nodular growth on the skin, and lipoma (lī-PŌ-mă), a fatty tissue tumor. CABG doesn’t cure the heart disease, but it can reduce symptoms and may reduce the risk of heart disease-related death. During surgery, a heart-lung machine may be used to artificially keep oxygenated blood flowing through the patient’s body. The surgery involves taking a healthy blood vessel, often from the chest or leg area, and connecting it underneath the blocked artery to improve blood flow to heart muscle. The transducer is moved to different areas of the chest to obtain various views of the heart, including the heart chambers, valves, walls, and blood flow patterns. It plays a vital role in maintaining blood pressure and regulating body temperature. However, patients undergoing this procedure with donated stem cells must take immunosuppressive medication for the remainder of their lives. In contrast to the bone marrow aspiration procedure, the provider uses a larger needle during bone marrow biopsy to remove a cylindrical section of both the bone and marrow. The procedure is often performed in conjunction with bone marrow aspiration. It can also show how completely the heart chambers empty during contractions. For example, a SPECT scan can show how well blood is flowing in the coronary arteries or arteries in the brain. A cardiologist reviews ECG tracings to identify arrhythmias. Additionally, patients may activate a trigger on a Holter device to denote the occurrence of cardiac symptoms, such as increased shortness of breath, fatigue, or dizziness. Results achieved do not seem to be inferior to surgery, making these traction devices an ideal first-line treatment option for patients seeking a penile lengthening procedure.During a thoracentesis, the patient’s skin is numbed, and a needle is inserted between the ribs to aspirate (i.e., suction) the fluid for examination in the lab.When damage occurs to blood vessels that results in bleeding, platelets and clotting factors form a clot to stop the bleeding, referred to as hemostasis (hē-mō-STĀ-sĭs).The anterior view is the front of the body, and the posterior view is the back of the body.A vasectomy (vă-SEK-tŏ-mē) is a surgical procedure that prevents sperm from leaving the body, providing permanent birth control, referred to as sterilization (ster-ĭ-lĭ-ZĀ-shŏn).Fractures due to osteoporosis can occur in any bone but happen most frequently in bones of the hip, vertebrae, and wrist.During a Pap smear, a health care provider inserts a speculum (SPEK-yŭ-lŭm) into the vagina to allow visualization of the cervix.Semen samples are routinely checked after a vasectomy to confirm a successful procedure.Cytokines (SĪ-tō-kīnz) are proteins secreted by cells that act as chemical messengers in immune responses. Breast cancer treatment – (PDQ) patient version. Review that section for information about signs and symptoms of several STIs in females. Sexually transmitted infections (STI), also known as sexually transmitted diseases, can cause serious disease in both men and women. Common symptoms of PCOS include oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea, polymenorrhea, and enlarged ovaries due to multiple cysts or follicles. Treatment includes broad-spectrum antibiotics with or without a drainage procedure. 2 Word Components Related To The Muscular System It can cause the skin to take on a whitish hue. When body temperatures drop, the arterioles constrict to minimize heat loss, particularly in the ends of the fingers and toes and the tip of the nose. Even when the body does not appear to be noticeably sweating, approximately 500 mL of sweat are secreted a day. When the body becomes excessively warm, sweat glands secrete water, salt, and other substances to cool the body. The sympathetic nervous system is continuously monitoring body temperature and initiating appropriate motor responses. They treat patients of all ages, from newborns to the elderly, and treat conditions such as fractures, sports injuries, joint replacements, and spinal deformities. Orthopedic surgeons perform surgery to repair a musculoskeletal injury or condition. Some orthopedists are generalists, whereas others specialize in certain areas of the body, such as the hip and knee, foot and ankle, shoulder and elbow, hand, or spine. Orthopedics (or-thŏ-pē-dĭks) is a branch of medicine that treats disorders and diseases related to the musculoskeletal system. The vagina contains a normal population of healthy bacteria called normal flora that help protect against infection. Balanitis (băl-ă-NĪ-tĭs) is a common condition that causes an inflammation of the glans penis (i.e., the head of the penis). Circumcision is also used to treat men with phimosis (fī-MŌ-sĭs), a tightness of the prepuce (foreskin) that prevents its retraction over the penis. Trichomoniasis (trĭk-ō-mō-NĪ-ă-sĭs) is a common STI caused by infection with Trichomonas vaginalis, a protozoan (tiny, single-celled) parasite. HSV-1 (oral herpes) causes mouth ulcers, commonly called “cold sores.” HSV-2 causes genital herpes when a person has genital contact with someone who has a genital HSV-2 infection. Red Blood Cells Orthotic devices are typically used to support weak or ineffective joints or muscles, whereas prosthetic devices replace missing body parts. A nerve conduction study, another part of an EMG, uses surface electrodes applied to the skin to measure the speed and strength of signals traveling between two or more points. Electrodes, either attached to the skin or inserted into the muscle, record electrical impulses. Common diagnostic tests for muscular disorders include electromyograms, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and range-of-motion testing. Medical specialists, diagnostic tests, and procedures related to the digestive system will also be discussed. By the time any waste material is excreted, the body has absorbed all the nutrients it can use from the apple. The function of the digestive system is to break down the foods you eat, release their nutrients, and absorb those nutrients into the body. Individuals who have had a splenectomy are at increased risk of infection for the remainder of their lives due to the spleen’s role in the immune system. Malignant cells differ from benign cells in that they exhibit uncontrolled growth and have the potential to metastasize. Diabetes insipidus (dī-ă-BĒ-tēz in-SIP-ĭ-dŭs) (DI) is condition caused by a lack of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Medications may also be prescribed to control the body’s production of cortisol. A syndrome (SĬN-drōm) refers to signs and symptoms that occur together that are characteristic of a specific disorder. Treatment of Addison’s disease consists of hormone replacement medication to restore normal levels of cortisol and aldosterone., A vasectomy (vă-SEK-tŏ-mē) is a surgical procedure that prevents sperm from leaving the body, providing permanent birth control, referred to as sterilization (ster-ĭ-lĭ-ZĀ-shŏn). A special clamp or plastic ring is attached to the penis, and the foreskin will be removed. It is a common procedure for newborn boys in certain parts of the world, including the United States. Circumcision (sĭr-kŭm-SIZH-ŭn) is the surgical removal of the foreskin (prepuce), a fold of skin covering the tip of the penis. Testicular cancer treatment (PDQ) – patient version. Treatment depends upon the cause and may include antibiotics and pain relievers. A health care provider diagnoses prostatitis by performing diagnostic tests, such as a urinalysis and cystoscopy. Prostatitis can be acute or chronic, and some types are caused by a bacterial infection. If a couple is not able to conceive within one year of having unprotected sex, the couple can visit fertility specialists for diagnostic testing and infertility treatment. When the body’s immune system is functioning correctly, the body can recognize bacteria, viruses, or any abnormal invader. See Table 11.6 for a summary of hypersensitivity reactions, examples, and treatments. Treatment typically involves the administration of epinephrine to counteract the systemic effects of anaphylaxis and stabilize the patient’s condition. Recognition of early symptoms and signs of anaphylaxis and prompt intervention are crucial. Common allergens include pollen, dust mites, pet dander, certain foods, and insect venom. Penis size is primarily determined by genetic and hormonal factors, while creatine is commonly used to enhance athletic performance and muscle strength.An ileostomy (IL-ē-OS-tŏ-mē) is created, where part of the ileum is brought through an artificial opening in the abdomen called a stoma (STŌ-mă).Eczema (eg-ZĒ-mă) is an allergic, inflammatory condition that manifests as dry, itchy patches of skin that resemble a red, flaky rash.Tissues in the body absorb or block the radiation to varying degrees.The systolic pressure is the higher value and reflects the arterial pressure resulting from the ejection of blood during ventricular contraction called systole.In 2019, he opened his office in San Ramon, where he focuses his practice entirely on men’s sexual health and rejuvenation.The conjunctiva extends over the white areas of the eye called the sclera (sklĕr-ă), connecting the eyelids to the eyeball.These are called skeletal muscles because they move the skeleton. Above this buffy layer is plasma (PLAZ-mă), the liquid part of blood. When a blood sample is taken from a patient and sent to the laboratory for analysis, the sample is centrifuged to separate the components of blood from one another so they can be measured. Blood is made of formed elements (cells) and plasma. This section will describe common word components related to the hematology system. HIV tests can be performed on blood or oral fluid. Without HIV treatment, people with AIDS typically only survive about three years. Symptoms include fever, night sweats, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, sore throat, muscle aches, and rash. Testicular torsion (tĕs-TĬK-ū-lăr TOR-shŏn) occurs when a testicle rotates, twisting the spermatic cord that brings blood to the scrotum.While many inherited immunodeficiencies exist, the most serious is severe combined immunodeficiency disease (sē-vēr kŏm-BĪND ĭm-yū-nō-dĕ-FISH-ĕn-sē dĭ-zēz) (SCID).The sample is sent to a lab where it is placed in a special dish and examined for two to three days or longer to see if bacteria or other disease-causing pathogens grow.Obstetrics (ŏb-STE-triks) (OB) is a medical specialty concerning care of the mother and fetus during pregnancy, childbirth, and immediately after childbirth.A mammogram (MĂM-ō-grăm) is a radiographic image of breast tissue to detect signs of breast cancer.It’s used to collect cells from the bronchial tubes. Individuals with IBS have these symptoms without any visible signs of damage or disease in the digestive tract. GERD is typically diagnosed with a procedure called an upper GI endoscopy. Chemotherapy, radiation, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy are also commonly prescribed treatments. Risk factors include tobacco use, alcohol use, obesity, chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease, and Human papillomavirus (HPV). Tumors caused by esophageal cancer may not cause noticeable symptoms until the cancer has spread. This chapter will review common word components related to the male reproductive system to assist learning how to analyze, build, and define medical terms. Risk factors for developing CKD include diabetes mellitus type 1 and type 2, high blood pressure, heart disease, family history of CKD, and obesity. This “plumps up” the tissues and cells, a condition called edema (ĭ-DĒ-mă) or puffy, swollen tissue due to accumulation of fluid. 7 Medical Specialists, Diagnostic Testing, and Procedures Related to the Urinary System Diagnostic tests include an ultrasound of the testes and blood tests for tumor markers. Testicular cancer (tĕs-TĬK-ū-lăr KAN-sĕr) is cancer that begins in the cells that make sperm in the testicle. Substances made by the body or made in a laboratory are used to boost, direct, or restore the body’s natural defenses against cancer. Chapter 16 Nervous System Terminology Treatment of HIV consists of drugs that target proteins necessary for viral replication but are absent from normal human cells. After seroconversion, the amount of HIV circulating in the blood drops and stays at a low level for several years. The presence of detectable anti-HIV antibodies in a person’s blood indicates a positive HIV test, referred to as seroconversion (sē-rō-kŏn-VĔR-zhŏn). HIV is transmitted through semen, vaginal fluids, and blood. Hepatitis is diagnosed with blood tests, ultrasound of the liver, and liver biopsy. Symptoms include right upper quadrant abdominal pain, jaundice, light-colored stools, dark colored urine, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and ascites (abdominal swelling due to fluid retention). Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GAS-trō-ĕ-sŏf-ă-JĒ-ăl REE-flŭks dĭ-ZĒZ) (GERD) occurs when stomach acid repeatedly flows back into the esophagus from the stomach. Here are examples of common medical terms related to the male reproductive system that can be easily defined by breaking the terms into their word components. This procedure is commonly performed by nurses. A kidney transplant (KĬD-nē TRĂNS-plănt), also referred to as renal transplant (RĒ-năl TRĂNS-plănt), is a surgical procedure used for some patients in end-stage renal disease. Hemodialysis (hē-mō-dī-ĂL-ĭ-sĭs) uses a special machine that filters the blood. Understanding the underlying causes of ED and exploring all available treatments with your doctor can lead to effective solutions. Quitting smoking can improve overall health and erectile function. Since stress and mental health issues can cause ED, these techniques can also address the issue. A potentially life-threatening complication of type 1 diabetes is diabetic ketoacidosis (dī-ă-BĔT-ĭk kē-tō-ăs-ĭ-DŌ-sĭs) (DKA). Some people with type 1 diabetes have insulin pumps they wear outside of their body that deliver steady doses of insulin to mimic the function of the pancreas. See Figure 17.4 for an image of a blood glucose monitor typically used in hospital and home settings. The use of compression stockings (commonly known as TED hose), as well as elevating the feet and legs whenever possible, may be helpful in alleviating the symptoms of varicose veins. Veins have one-way valves that open and close to keep blood flowing toward the heart. Varicose veins (VAR-i-kōs VĀNZ) are a common condition caused by weak or damaged vein walls and valves. Treatment may include medications to treat the symptoms or surgery to repair or replace the valves. Lack of sleep can lead to lower testosterone levels, which can affect penis size and sexual function. During sleep, the body releases hormones that are necessary for growth and repair, including testosterone. In addition, reducing stress can also help with other aspects of sexual health, such as improving libido and reducing the risk of erectile dysfunction. Many people with hypertension do not have symptoms, so they are unaware they have the disorder until a complication like a myocardial infarction, stroke, or heart failure occurs. When the heart is not pumping effectively, symptoms of fatigue, shortness of breath, edema, or lung congestion can occur. Heart failure (HART FĀL-yŭr) (HF) occurs when the heart loses its effectiveness in pumping blood. A deep vein thrombosis (dēp vān THROM-bō-sĭs) (DVT) is a blood clot in a deep vein that most often occurs in the lower extremities. Symptoms of urinary retention can range from no symptoms to severe abdominal pain. In addition to causing discomfort, urinary retention increases the patient’s risk for developing a urinary tract infection (UTI) or other complications. Urinary retention (YŪR-ĭ-nĕr-ē rĭ-TĔN-shŭn) is a condition that occurs when the patient cannot empty all of the urine from the bladder. Treatment of incontinence is based on the cause of incontinence and may include pelvic floor exercises, medications, or surgery. A penis enlargement surgery may add half an inch to the penis but does not change the actual length of the penis. Usually, by the time you are 16 years old, your body and its parts should be close to your adult size. Your penis stops growing once you finish your puberty phase. These changes are typically unrelated to actual penis size. The size of the penis generally remains stable throughout adulthood. Sexual health is influenced by overall well-being, emotional connection, and practising safe and consensual sexual behaviours. Glaucoma (glaw-KŌ-mă) is a disease that causes vision loss due to increased pressure inside the eye damaging the optic nerve. People with advanced cases of diabetic retinopathy may require surgery to remove and replace the gel-like fluid in the back of the eye, called the vitreous humor. Conjunctivitis (kŏn-jŭnk-tĭ-VĪT-ĭs) is a viral or bacterial infection that causes swelling and redness in the conjunctiva and sclera. The blood fills two chambers inside the penis, called the corpora cavernosa.It includes both the voluntary process of swallowing and the involuntary process of peristalsis (per-ĭ-STAL-sĭs).Safety and consultation with health professionals are priorities.View additional information and images about positioning in the “Repositioning Patients” subsection of the “Basic Concepts” section in the “Mobility” chapter in Open RN Nursing Fundamentals.Quitting smoking and moderating alcohol consumption are important steps in maintaining sexual health and overall well-being.The sympathetic nervous system is continuously monitoring body temperature and initiating appropriate motor responses.For example, allergic skin reactions caused by latex allergy or poison ivy are examples of contact dermatitis.Jelqing is a technique that involves squeezing and stretching the penis with the aim of increasing blood flow to the area.Ovarian, epithelial, fallopian tube, and primary peritoneal cancer treatment (PDQ®)– patient version. It may also be used to make the stomach smaller in order to allow the penis to appear longer and wider. But usually, it is a corrective measure for a micropenis or a buried penis, both of which cause functional issues with urinating, sexual intercourse or hygiene. Explore other cosmetic procedures for men to ensure you’re making safe and informed decisions. When cancer cells spread from one organ to another, they are called metastases (mĕ-TĂS-tă-sēz). When cancer begins in the lungs, it is called lung cancer (lŭng KĂN-sŏr), although it may spread to lymph nodes or other organs in the body, such as the brain. Cancer (KĂN-sŏr) is a disease in which cells in the body grow out of control. Chronic bronchitis is one of the conditions included in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This section provides an overview of common respiratory disorders and diseases. Nutrients (NŪ-trē-ĕntz) are substances that provide nourishment to cells. Chewing produces a soft mass of food called a bolus (BŌL-ŭs) that is an appropriate size for swallowing. See Table 12.5 for an overview of the functions of the organs of the digestive tract. In fact, as men grow older, reduced testosterone levels and decreased blood circulation can lead to a slight reduction in both girth and firmness. Seeking advice from medical professionals, such as those at Elegance Men’s Health Clinic, guarantees informed choices and the best care. Signs include soreness, discolouration, or decreased erectile function. If you experience pain, bruising, or numbness, discontinue immediately and consult a healthcare professional. It is commonly treated with medications like nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) and colchicine. Gout is diagnosed with blood tests for uric acid. Gout occurs when high levels of serum uric acid build up in the body, which can form needle-shaped crystals in and around the joint and cause inflammation. It will heal automatically due to the action of osteoclasts and osteoblasts, but if the bone is not reset and aligned correctly, it will remain in a dislocated position. It found overall treatment outcomes were poor, with low satisfaction rates and significant risk of major complications, including penile deformity, shortening, and erectile dysfunction. The review, which investigated penile enhancement methods in men without penile abnormalities, found a low level of evidence in favour of penile extenders. The review found evidence is lacking on the effectiveness of surgical and non-surgical interventions. Your free newsletter guide to the best London has on offer, from drinks deals to restaurant reviews. ‘This loops from the pubic bone to the tailbone and supports the pelvic organs. Radiation oncologists (rā-dē-Ā-shŏn ŏn-KOL-ŏ-jĭsts) are physicians who specialize in the treatments of cancer with radiation. Medical oncologists (mĕd-ĭ-kăl ŏn-KOL-ŏ-jĭsts) are physicians who specialize in the treatment of cancer with medication. People with breast cancer often get more than one kind of treatment. Breast cancer is treated in several ways, depending on the type of breast cancer and how far it has spread in the body. A mammogram (MĂM-ō-grăm) is a radiographic image of breast tissue that can detect signs of cancer, often before a lump is felt.