The strong connection between sleep and mental health highlights the importance of improving sleep quality as a crucial step in managing and preventing mental health disorders. While the primary interest of our study was patient reported outcome measures of sleep quality, future longitudinal research could include both subjective and objective measures of sleep to rigorously evaluate its relationship with changes in health behaviors and mental health and physical health outcomes. The purpose of this exploratory study was to characterize subjective sleep quality and examine its relationship with mental health and physical health and health behaviors in a transdiagnostic sample of young adults with SMI enrolled in a lifestyle intervention trial. It is known that sleep quality and daytime sleepiness are correlated with the academic grades of medical students.9Thus, the rate of 92,8% of drowsiness during school hours and of 40% to 65% of decreased sleep quality observed in the present study do represent high prevalence rates. Further, an estimated 20% of the US workforce is exposed to shift work schedules that contribute to chronic disruption of biological timing as well as increased risk for a number of illnesses. This statement focuses upon sleep deficiency and the potential health promotion benefits of addressing this highly prevalent condition. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine and the Sleep Research Society have developed this document to communicate to national health stakeholders the current knowledge which ties sufficient sleep and circadian alignment in adults (see authors' footnote following acknowledgments) to health as tightly as good nutrition and adequate exercise. A common myth is that people can learn to get by on little sleep with no negative effects. To understand sleep deficiency, it helps to understand what makes you sleep and how it affects your health. Also, an estimated 50 to 70 million Americans have chronic, or ongoing, sleep disorders. Sleep Loss Is Associated with Cardiovascular Morbidity We need to prioritize quality rest and stop championing sleep deprivation. These sleep disruptions can exacerbate mood disorders and impair cognitive function. This allows them to observe parent-child interactions and identify potential mental health concerns. Providers offer counseling, medication management, and referrals to mental health specialists when needed. They conduct regular screenings to identify signs of postpartum depression and other mental disorders. More importantly, objective measurements (e.g., screen time monitors on smartphones , ecological momentary assessments , and wearable devices ) should also be incorporated. Secondly, the lack of consistency in the methodologies employed by different studies measuring SMU has been a major contributing factor to the conflicting findings found in the current literature. However, most of the studies employed a cross-sectional design, which prevented from a thorough understanding of the causality. Cyberbullying has become a prevalent phenomenon worldwide, with victimization rates in children and adolescents ranging from 14 to 57.5%, and lifetime perpetration rates ranging from 6.0 to 46.3% 82, 83. In addition to its effects on physical health, sleep deprivation also takes a toll on mental and emotional well-being. In this blog, we delve into the critical importance of sleep, exploring the profound impact of sleep deprivation on both physical and mental health. The cross-sectional design captures data at a single point in time, making it difficult to analyze how sleep deprivation can contribute to the development or intensification of mood disorders over time. In addition to errors from sleep and mood disorders, long-term sleep deprivation increases oxidative stress, threatening the health of night-shift professionals and their patients. Our data indicate that there is a directly proportional correlation, albeit weak, between sleep quality and mood disorders, i.e., the worse the sleep disturbances, the greater the depressive, anxious, and stressful symptoms in these professionals. This contrasts with two US military studies which found 72 and 69% of service members were classified as SSD with less than 6 h of sleep per night, and only 27 and 30% obtained the recommended 7–8 h of sleep, respectively 3, 31. To test the impact of sleep schedules on health and performance, Miller et al. shifted the sleep schedules of US Army trainees during Basic Combat Training to better align with the natural sleep drive and habits of adolescents. During development, sleep/wake patterns change such that infants require approximately twice the amount of sleep time as mature adults, but do so in a fragmented pattern throughout the day and night 11,12,13. Due to differences in available outcome data between SHHS and Stanford datasets, evaluation was limited to a subset of conditions. 3, SleepFM demonstrates strong transfer learning performance across key outcomes. To assess cross-site generalization, we evaluate SleepFM’s transfer learning capabilities on SHHS—a dataset entirely excluded from the pretraining phase. How Sleep Insomnia Impacts Mental Health and Ways to Improve Sleep Apparently, after sleep deprivation, individuals with lower reappraisal ability show more difficulty in disengaging their attention away from negative stimuli. Sleep disturbances not only restrict our daily well-being and social functioning, but may even have a prognostic significance in the evolution of affective disorders like depression. Without enough healthy sleep, including both NREM- and REM-sleep, negative emotional reactivity seems to be significantly enhanced, and positive reactions to positive events often decreased . Without enough healthy sleep, negative emotional reactivity seems to be significantly enhanced and positive reactions to positive events often subdued ,. Sleep deprivation is followed by the rebound of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and slow wave sleep (SWS) in the following nights ,. Independent variables included sociodemographic data, type of health science program, year of study, and perceived physical health. The PSQI is the most widely used assessment tool to evaluate subjective sleep quality during the previous month, which covers a broad range of indicators relevant to sleep quality . The inclusion criteria include undergraduate students of all levels of health science bachelor programs (medicine, pharmacy, dentistry, and nursing, applied medical sciences) who consented to participate in this study. These outcomes are relevant not only for the students and their career prospects, but from a socioeconomic perspective failed exams and delayed study progress leads to a direct economic loss to society . Similar results have been found in the relationship between insomnia and academic performance. A considerable number of college/university students report obtaining insufficient sleep , , , , , . The increasing epidemic of obesity in the U.S. in the last few decades has been paralleled by significant reductions in sleep duration. Relationship between sleep duration and prevalence of hypertension from the Sleep Heart Health Study. Immune-related mechanisms are activated during sleep deprivation in humans and laboratory animals, including increases in inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6, and serum immunoglobins (Ig), IgM, IgG, and IgA,47,48 and a progressive increase and subsequent imbalance in the population of circulating host defense related phagocytic cells, primarily neutrophils.47,49 This imbalance of the host defense cells can promote an inflammatory response and subsequent cell injury. Both men and women with a usual sleep duration of 7 h had the best survival. The second night they were woken up after several minutes of each REM-period and asked to report what they had been experiencing. In the following section, we summarized NREM-sleep, REM-sleep and REM dreaming in relation to the modulation of emotion or emotion regulation. In future research, it should not only be important to take into account the individual's capacity of emotion regulation, but also to investigate how we can induce and train emotion regulation to influence sleep, as well as which sleep period should be most crucial for us to maintain a stable emotional state in the coming day. Healthy sleep repairs adaptive processing and functional brain activity, integrity of the medial prefrontal cortex- amygdala connections important in emotion regulation processes ,,. Deprivation of especially REM-sleep for instance leads to more excitation in limbic brain structures resulting in enhanced emotional irritability and reactivity. Although it has been suggested that the relationships between technology and sleep disturbances in adults and children differ9, our data suggest that bedtime electronic device use probably similarly impacts adults, at least in terms of sleep quality and EDS.We would like to express our gratitude to all participants and contributors who made this study possible.For example, one study using hippocampal MRI achieved a C-Index of 0.86 (ref. 50), whereas another using fMRI reported an AUROC of 0.82 for predicting dementia up to 9 years in advance51.These studies, conducted over several decades, aimed to understand how sleep deprivation affects military performance.These findings should be replicated in studies that can employ an objective assessment of sleep duration.This narrative review aimed to summarize the knowledge in the field of adolescents’ mental health, in terms of the sleep changes that occur during this period, the impact of sleep deprivation and sleep disorders on mental health, and thus the risk of psychiatric disorders during this complex developmental period.Without enough sleep, children and teens can have problems with attention, memory, and problem-solving.All sleep extension studies demonstrated improvements in physical performance 37, 41, 43, as did light and mindfulness interventions . 1. Study Population Not only does sleep loss appear to stimulate the appetite. Recent research has focused on the link between sleep and the hormones that regulate appetite. When it comes to body weight, consistent research has shown that the lack of sleep is related to an increase in hunger and appetite, and possibly to obesity. Sharp wave ripples occur mostly during the deepest levels of sleep. Garbarino et al review recent experimental and epidemiological developments regarding immune responses to sleep deprivation and consider the role for the sleep deprivation induced immune changes in increasing the risk for chronic diseases. Researchers should use a combination of objectiveand subjective sleep outcomes to better understand if improved sleep quality is due to reduced sleep onset latency, improved totalsleep time, or some other factor. At the meta-analysislevel, a leave-one-out sensitivity analysis indicated substantial heterogeneity due to the inclusion of a single CBT-Itrial.30 This may be attributed to the large positive effects CBT-Iis estimated to have on sleep quality when compared to other evidenced-based sleep treatments.61It might also be due to the 50% attrition rate in the MBSR group (verses 14% in the CBT-I group). The evidence did not support a dose-response relationship between in-class meditation hours and sleep quality scores. While our results indicated no effect of mindfulness meditation on sleep quality when compared with evidenced-based sleeptreatments, the strength of evidence was low and further studies are needed to elucidate these findings. Dr. Truong is a Stanford-trained sleep physician with board certifications in sleep and internal medicine. Increases in digital addiction during the COVID-19 pandemic, related to financial hardship, bereavement, isolation, anxiety, and stress, were reported in studies from different countries 66,182,183,184. This overview makes clear why digital devices, by providing anyone with internet access anywhere anytime, deliver the “new drug” of the 21st century. In digital addiction, it is a critical symptom within intertwined chains of causes and effects that are difficult to disentangle (Figure 2). Positive symptoms of schizophrenia, i.e., delusions and hallucinations, are linked to ventral striatal overactivity with increased and inappropriate dopamine activity and give rise to abnormal reward prediction error signals. Technology use and screen time before bed have emerged as significant disruptors of healthy sleep patterns.The SPSS for Windows, version 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) was used to enter and analyze the data.Moreover, no formal objective assessments of specific sleep disorders were undertaken.We therefore argue that these characteristics should be controlled for in models that examine the associations between sleep parameters and academic performance.Recent evidence indicates that sleep is a self-organizing emergent neuronal/glial network property of any viable network regardless of size or location, whether in vivo or in vitro53,70–73.Another key pathway mediating the effects of sleep on chronic disease is inflammatory cascades that are initiated during sleep deprivation.Consequently, the reported detrimental changes in sleep and mental health could further increase the burden of the pandemic by influencing the risk, severity and prognosis of the infection. At the same time, we observed a high overlap between spatial distribution of phenotypic correlations between sleep duration, but not global sleep quality, and cortical thickness across samples and sub-samples, indicating that the direction of sleep thickness associations is similar across both samples (Supplementary Table 7). Given the marked role of both depression and BMI on both sleep duration and global sleep quality, we selected these as phenotypes of interest for further analyses. Based on previous knowledge, we expected to observe phenotypic relationships between sleep duration/quality and markers of mental and physical health. Was affiliated with Unilever UK Central Resources Limited at the time of data analysis and is currently affiliated with University of Roehampton. As healthy/high-quality/Mediterranean-style diets are characterised by higher intakes of vegetable, fruit, and unprocessed lean protein, these results, again, could be explained by the benefits of adhering to a healthy/good quality/Mediterranean-style diet 25,34,38,39,40,41. In both unadjusted and adjusted analyses, we observed an inverted U relationship, showing that both low and high milk intake groups had lower healthy sleep scores compared to low/medium, medium, and medium/high milk intake groups (see Table 2 for post hoc analyses). Sleep deficiencies have been observed with increased frequency during the pandemic in HCW (health care workers), the general population and patients with COVID. As opposed to the adult population, trends in sleep duration for children and adolescents seem to indicate a decrease of ~1 h over the last century, with country-dependent changes . A comparison drawn between modern sleep habits and those of pre-industrialised societies revealed relatively similar sleep durations of 6–7 h. Even though sleep deprivation is common in the modern world, several arguments can be brought against its extent to epidemic proportions. Overall, sleep complaints are common in the ageing population and are frequently determined by a multitude of factors ranging from the physiologic effects of ageing to comorbidities and medication use. In this section, we focus on the effects of sleep deprivation on working memory and attention processes. In sum, sleep deprivation adversely affects our overall memory performance, including both declarative and non-declarative memory processes. Moreover, as with declarative memory, relatively short durations of sleep deprivation also affect the procedural memory performance outcomes (Aeschbach et al., 2008). Prior studies based on perceptual skill memory paradigms, mostly visual discrimination tasks, have also shown reduced performance outcomes under a sleep-deprived condition (Stickgold et al., 2000a,b; Aeschbach et al., 2008; Mascetti et al., 2013). Another study also found a motor memory decline after sleep deprivation based on the mirror task paradigm, in which participants were asked to trace drawings by looking in a mirror to observe a picture to be traced. Several potential contributors can affect the amount of sleep healthy adults need. According to the researchers, individuals in early adulthood, people experiencing sleep debt, and adults living with certain illnesses may require more than nine hours. The following are recommendations on optimal sleep duration for adults, children, and teenagers. Worries about finances, health concerns, relationship conflict, or other challenges can keep people up at night. In some cases, sleep disruptions may be caused by a sleep disorder (e.g., insomnia, sleep apnea, or restless leg syndrome). Almost 26% of our study population reported increased alcohol intake during the lockdown (Table S2). Of note, a UK survey showed that half of the respondents experienced more disturbed sleep than usual; 39% of the participants reported sleeping fewer hours than before the lockdown; and 29% reported sleeping longer hours but still felt less rested (14). The most commonly reported specific sleep symptoms included disrupted sleep, difficulty falling and staying asleep, later bedtimes and falling asleep unintentionally in the day (Table 2). The assessment of sleep requires an understanding of the many factors that can impact upon it, some of which have been explored above. A study undertaken with British 11–15-year-olds identified an incidence of 30.3% for fatigue and 0.5% for chronic fatigue syndrome.37 An in-depth discussion about chronic fatigue syndrome in adolescents is beyond the scope of this article, but management requires a multidisciplinary and biopsychosocial approach to control symptoms.38 Those AYAs who have a chronic illness will have more frequent encounters with their GPs and hospital physicians and it is therefore important to recognise that these patients may be encountering problems with sleep or fatigue. Sleep disorders such as insomnia, sleep apnoea, and restless leg syndrome create significant challenges for mental health. Given the pervasiveness of cellphone use among college students , it will be important for future research to identify how technology use fits into the associations between interpersonal stress, FoMO, insomnia, and mental health revealed in this study. For instance, FoMO and/or interpersonal stress may produce or maintain symptoms of insomnia by encouraging college students to engage with technology in a manner that compromises sleep and/or mental health. Future research should examine a possible role of college students’ technology use in the associations between stress, sleep, and mental health revealed in the current study. However, recently, it has been reported that although 72 hours of SD decreases the expression of GluN2B receptor subunit in the frontal cortex and hippocampus, it does not change GluN1 subunit . For instance, hippocampal glutamate NMDA receptors, which are critical for LTP induction, show negative alterations in receptor subunit composition and turnover after 24 hours of REM SD. While one study reported a normal LTD but impaired LTP in area CA1 of rat hippocampal slices after 72 hour SD in multiple platform , another study in the mouse hippocampal slices reported impaired LTP with an increase in the magnitude of LTD evoked at 5 Hz, but decreased at 1 Hz . These analyses will include all studies that report the correlation between (changes in) sleep quality and (changes in) mental health outcomes (the correlation between the intervention and sleep quality and mental health outcomes, respectively, will be computed by converting the sample-weighted average effect of the interventions on these outcomes into effect size r). First, we will search MEDLINE (1946 to present), Embase (1974 to present), PsycINFO (1967 to present) and The Cochrane Library (1898 to present) using the Cochrane Highly Sensitive Search Strategy53 to identify RCTs that include terms relating to sleep quality and/or sleep disorders and mental health (see table 1 for a list of the proposed search terms). However, as described above, these individual studies have, to our knowledge, never been integrated in a manner that allows the magnitude of the effect of sleep quality on mental health outcomes to be estimated. Recent meta-analyses and large-scale studies have provided compelling evidence for the link between sleep quality and mental health outcomes. Poor sleep quality significantly impacts mental health, academic performance, and overall well-being. Binary logistic regression analyses were employed to investigate the association between sleep duration (as a continuous variable) and academic performance/failure. In order to be able to compare insomnia sufferers with short sleep duration to non-insomniacs with short sleep duration, an additional logistic regression analysis was run with the latter group set as the reference category. Non-insomniacs with normal sleep duration was set as the reference group. In order to be able to compare insomnia sufferers with short sleep duration to non-insomniacs with short sleep duration, an additional analysis was run with the latter group set as the reference category. Normal sleepers (no insomnia) with normal sleep duration (6–8 h) were set as the reference category. The increasing prevalence of reduced habitual sleep duration presents a significant public health challenge, impacting cardiovascular health, metabolic function and mental well-being. This therapeutic approach helps individuals establish healthy sleep habits and manage the cognitive distortions that perpetuate insomnia. In fact, sleep deprivation not only is a symptom of these disorders but also acts as a risk factor that can lead to serious outcomes such as suicidal thoughts or behaviors. Most high school students were not sleeping enough during the COVID-19 pandemic, which was correlated with poor mental health. Public health practitioners should consider the importance of modifying school start times when reviewing the effects of insufficient sleep on mental health. Our findings extend previous research on the relationship between sleep and mental health among adolescents by exploring the association between insufficient sleep and 3 indicators of depression and suicidality — feeling sad or hopeless, having seriously considered suicide, and having made a suicide attempt plan — among a current cohort of Florida high school students. However, recent longitudinal studies exploring the temporal nature of the relationship have demonstrated that sleep loss can increase risk of depression among adolescents, documenting that shorter sleep durations increased depressive symptoms at follow-up (11,24). Research indicates that college students often sacrifice sleep for studying during exams, with a tendency to sleep less than 6 hours on average, adversely affecting their performance. Sleep disorders are common among adults and often stem from factors such as inadequate or poor sleep quality. The aim of the study was to examine the effects which the most frequent sleep disorders have on adults' health, knowing that at least 30% of the population suffers from some sort of sleep disturbance. Beginning in 1975, the researchers recruited a few dozen local youngsters between the ages of 10 and 12 who were willing to participate in a unique sleep camp. On a sunny June afternoon, Dement maneuvered his golf cart, nicknamed the Sleep and Dreams Shuttle, through the Stanford University campus to Jerry House, a sprawling, Mediterranean-style dormitory where he and his colleagues conducted some of the early, seminal work on sleep, including teen sleep. Teens have a biologic tendency to go to sleep later, yet many high schools start the day at a relatively early hour, disrupting their natural rhythym. Monkey Business/Fotolia \"It's a huge problem. What it means is that nobody performs at the level they could perform,\" whether it's in school, on the roadways, on the sports field or in terms of physical and emotional health. New Study Shows CPAP Therapy Can Aid Memory Processes in the Brain Research has shown that sleep deprivation can disrupt the body's natural stress response, leading to increased anxiety and fear 6. Sleep deprivation has also been linked to an increased risk of developing anxiety disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. Research has shown that sleep deprivation can impair cognitive function by disrupting the normal functioning of various brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex 5. Sleep supports cognitive and emotional processes. Depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia are commonly linked to sleep problems. Yet, its importance cannot be overstated, especially when it comes to our mental well-being. In the hustle and bustle of daily life, sleep often takes a backseat to our seemingly endless list of responsibilities. This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. Stages 3 and 4 are combined to form slow-wave sleep, which is believed to be the most restorative type of sleep and typically occurs in the first one-third of the night . Participants underwent study measures, including cognitive testing, at the baseline of… Cognitive performance after insufficient sleep did not reach the level expected with practice and did not differ from baseline. Research also indicates that inadequate sleep contributes to metabolic dysregulation and autonomic system instability, both of which elevate cardiovascular risk. There is substantial evidence that sleep loss impairs glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity59,73–75. Findings of abbreviated prothrombin and thrombin times,72 consistent with development of a pro-thrombotic state, have also been reported. On the contrary, enhanced cardiac sympathetic drive as estimated from heart rate variability, a non-invasive index of cardiac autonomic modulation predictive of adverse events63, has been more consistently documented after total sleep loss50,62 and after 5 days of sleep truncation54. An altered arterial baroreflex functioning in terms of resetting towards a higher BP level has thus been postulated, substantiated by findings of a rightward and downward shift in the operating point following sleep restriction48,60. While results on heart rate are mixed, being either unaffected48,49,54,55 or accelerated50–52 after sleep loss, muscle sympathetic nerve activity has been consistently found to be inhibited48,49,60. It has long been thought that lack of sleep was caused by these disorders, yet there may be evidence to support a bidirectional relation between the two. Prioritize building healthy sleep habits and aim for that 8–10 hour sweet spot. They can rule out underlying medical issues or sleep disorders. In parallel, the maturation of the prefrontal cortex in toto (including the dorsolateral areas) allows remodeling and the final achievement of more specialized cognitive skills . Several studies corroborate the relationship between puberty onset and brain modifications (such as grey matter thinning in favor of greater development of the white matter). Therefore, puberty triggers a complex amalgam of physical modifications that also involve the brain (titratable amounts of sex hormones are measurable at tissue and cerebral circulation levels), affecting individuals’ behavior from a cognitive, emotional, and motivational point of view . This neurohormonal cascade is accompanied by several body transformations driven by maturation of other hypothalamus-pituitary axes, which include rapid physical growth (supported by the insulin-like growth factor and the thyroid hormones), modifications of metabolic homeostasis, and changes in sleep regulation (in particular, in the circadian rhythms) . Physiological modifications in sleep regulation, in common with many mammals (especially in the circadian rhythms), predispose adolescents to sleep loss until early adulthood. There's still time to triple your impact. Sleep is as important to your health as a healthy diet and regular physical activity. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA was conducted to analyze the difference in trust scores between sleep state and social scenarios. The Shapiro–Wilk test was used to test the normal distribution of all data. Behavior and demographic data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, version 25.0). The reaction times, response speed, and lapse number were used to test objective alertness. The adolescence time window has dilated during recent decades due to the delay in young people partaking fully in adult life due to longer periods of economic and individual dependence on the original parental nucleus; this potentially expands the period of major vulnerability 20,21. These functional and anatomical changes in the dopaminergic reward system enable the adolescent brain to engage in physiologically risk-taking behaviors that, when coupled with effective neural regulation, guarantee a positive motivation to adaptation to early adulthood . The prefrontal cortex rapidly becomes more innervated by amygdala inputs and dopaminergic inputs from the ventral tegmental area (and vice versa), reinforcing the dopaminergic circuits of reward . The majority (23 of 24) of PheWAS associations for sleep irregularity were still significant after adjustment for average daily sleep duration (Extended Data Table 1). We also observed increased odds of several psychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder (1.75; 1.52–2.01), anxiety disorder (1.55; 1.35–1.78) and bipolar disorder (2.27; 1.65–3.11). There were significant differences in median sleep duration when stratified by participant demographics (self-reported sex, self-reported race/ethnicity, education) and lifestyle factors (smoking, alcohol intake) (Table 1). A total of 6,785 adult participants with linked EHR data, a Fitbit monitoring period of at least 6 months and fewer than 30% of nights with 1). The All of Us Research Program (AoU) is a National Institutes of Health-funded initiative to gather health data from more than one million diverse persons living in the United States26,27. In one study, it was found that insufficient sleep, preoccupation with thoughts of work during leisure time, and high work demands were risk factors for consequent clinical burnout . Furthermore, short sleep duration and sleep disturbances prospectively predict increased susceptibility to upper respiratory tract infection after an experimental viral challenge . Chronic insufficient sleep duration equivalent to an average of 5.6 h of sleep during a 24-h period has been found to double neurobehavioral reaction time performance and to increase lapses of attention fivefold. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) and the Sleep Research Society (SRS) have recommended that adults aged 18 to 60 years should sleep seven or more hours per night on a regular basis for ideal sleep health. One such study examined structural MRI scans in 290 children and adolescents between the ages of 5 and 18 years and found that self-reported sleep duration was positively correlated with bilateral hippocampal grey matter volume 32. A separate study that used high-density EEG to measure cortical activity at a large number of cortical regions found a developmental progression of maximal sleep slow wave activity (spectral sleep EEG power between 0.6 to 4.6 Hz; SWA) from posterior to anterior cortical regions 24. Unlike slow waves, which dominate sleep EEG activity for several hours in the healthy adolescent brain, sleep spindles are transient (1-2 seconds) oscillations with a frequency between 11 and 16 Hz. This study indicates that these 10th graders may in fact suffer from pathological sleepiness during the start of the school day, perhaps a result of a simultaneous delay in their circadian rhythms and the abridgement of their sleep opportunity by earlier school-start times 9. Further evidence for the stability of sleep need comes from Ohayon and colleagues 8, indicating a decline in sleep duration on school days, but no change on non-school days, leading the authors to conclude that the school day decline is driven by environmental rather than biological factors. B Emotions that lead to sub-optimal/poor and optimal/better learning have been shown on the hypothetical learning scale. A Usually, positive and negative emotions are perceived to match with optimal and poor learning, respectively. These examples collectively present a positive correlation between good mood and cognitive processes. More than two unexplained missed form completions resulted in disqualification from the study. Twenty-four hours prior to the morning assessment, participants were instructed to refrain from consuming alcohol and caffeinated drinks as well as abstaining from exercise, smoking, and nicotine patches. This was a randomized, controlled crossover study, which took place from June to September 2015. The importance of physical and cognitive function is especially appreciable in the student population, 52% of whom play sport at least once a week. Sleep deprivation was monitored using an online time-stamped questionnaire at 45 min intervals, completed in the participants’ homes. Furthermore, CBT-I has been successfully adapted to be delivered as a self-help intervention or in a digital format 67,68, and thus might easily be integrated into preventive and recovery interventions targeting stress management and other mental health issues. On the other hand, in the study conducted by Clement-Carbonell and colleagues , the same pattern of associations was observed among 337 university students from Spain after controlling for stress and health habits (diet and exercise). Since restrictive measures with several periods of lockdown have been adopted in Italy between 2020 and 2021, such alarming results are likely to be attributable at least in part to the well-documented impact of the pandemic and the related policies on mental health , with seemingly worse outcomes reported for young people 57,58. A similar trend was identified for women in regard to excessive sleep whereby there was a decline in reported problems with daytime sleep as participants aged, until approximately 80 years of age, at which point there was an increase in problems with excessive sleep. Instead, it is possible that problems with insufficient and excessive sleep are the result of different underlying mechanisms (e.g., physical health problem or mood disorder). Relatively fewer also experience problems with excessive sleep that is reported to interfere with their daytime functioning. The adjusted ORs derived from the complete case random effects ordinal logistic regression models of insufficient sleep and excessive sleep, stratified by sex, appear in Table 3 and Tables S2–S5 within the supplementary materials. Applying random-effects ordered logistic regression models stratified by sex, a significant quadratic mean change in sleep insufficiency problems was observed for women (p p 1. However, the proportion of participant’s attributable variance was 72.9% for women and 75.2% for men, suggesting that individual variation accounts for most of the regression model variance. Emotional regulation, that delicate balancing act we perform every day, becomes increasingly difficult as sleep debt accumulates. It’s like riding an emotional rollercoaster without a seatbelt – exhilarating at times, but mostly just unsettling and potentially dangerous. Our emotional landscape, too, undergoes a dramatic transformation when we’re short on sleep. Consistent with this point of view is that sleep problems are defining features of a number of psychiatric disorders and included among the diagnostic criteria for these conditions.1 However, there are a number of additional ways that psychiatric disorders and sleep are inter-related. This work promises to improve our ability to understand both of these phenomena and to allow us to better treat the many patients with sleep disorders and with psychiatric disorders. Although much has been learned about the psychiatric disorders-sleep relationship, additional research is needed to better understand these relationships. The authors would like to thank all the corresponding authors of the included studies who provided raw data upon request. Furthermore, both measures manifested an age-dependent decline, further supporting the hypothesis that the decline in sleep EEG power is driven by reductions in grey matter volume. This reduction in EEG power of up to 40% from pre- to post-puberty is seen across EEG frequencies, within both waking and sleep states19-22. The most striking change to the sleep EEG is a marked reduction in the EEG amplitude and power of the sleep EEG signal, which occurs earlier for girls than boys and is in part tied to pubertal maturation 19. Because the spectral frequency of spindles varies from person to person and across development, the frequency of the peak power in this band is sometimes used as a measure of spindle activity sensitivity to inter-individual variation. Sleep spindles are generated through thalamocortical loops (see 17) and functional roles in sleep consolidation and declarative memory systems have been attributed to this activity (reviewed in 18). Outcomes and prioritization However, actigraphy is considered a reliable tool for examining sleep patterns in insomnia patients and for diagnosing circadian rhythm disorders 66, 67. Therefore, this study provides evidence of the relationship between coping, depression, and sleep. In addition, although sex and age have been considered important factors in the development of depression and insomnia, our results indicate that sex and age do not moderate most of the relationships between coping, depression, and sleep. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between coping strategies (i.e., emotion-focused and problem-focused coping) and sleep (i.e., quantity and quality, perceived, and actigraphy-measured), and study whether this relationship is direct or mediated by depressive symptoms. Mediation effects between problem-focused coping and sleep through depression Most of the recent studies utilized standardized questionnaires such as the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire, the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales 21, and the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised to measure the symptoms of depression and anxiety. Different dimensions of SMU were measured such as overall and night-time SMU, problematic SMU, emotional investment in social media, racial discrimination, and racial justice civic engagement on social media. Increasing number of studies used time tracker via specific apps (installed on participants’ devices used for online activity) to reduce recall bias 33•. The survey findings echo Chang’s experience, showing that people with below-average sleep quality are up to two times more likely to regularly experience nervousness/agitation than those with above-average sleep quality (59% vs. 29%). A number of other mental health conditions are linked to sleep troubles as well, notes Dr. Peters. There’s a strong connection between mental health and sleep, which was reflected in findings of an April 2024 survey of 1,000 U.S. adults by Sleepfoundation.org. These two scenarios illustrate how sleep deprivation can make us approach negative experiences differently when we’re rested. So negative things (in this study, images) feel much more intense when you’re deprived of sleep. You cycle through NREM to REM and back again several times during the night. The effects of sleep on your emotional wellbeing are quite complex and it’s only in more recent years that science has started to look closely at how the two affect each other. Since restrictive measures with several periods of lockdown have been adopted in Italy between 2020 and 2021, such alarming results are likely to be attributable at least in part to the well-documented impact of the pandemic and the related policies on mental health , with seemingly worse outcomes reported for young people 57,58.That is, mental health disorders can make it difficult to sleep, at the same time poor sleep can contribute factor to the initiation and/or worsening of mental health problems.RLS, periodic limb movement disorder, sleep apnea, and excessive daytime sleepiness affect up to 70 percent of patients with end-stage renal disease receiving treatment with hemodialysis (Parker et al., 2000; Parker, 2003).We used multiple regression analysis to identify the partial associations between variables, in particular the potential overlap between measures (e.g., depression and anxiety).With regular, sufficient, and healthy sleep, we have a more positive outlook.Mothers who consistently sleep less than 6 hours per night show higher rates of depressive symptomatology. Sleep disturbances, such as insomnia, hypersomnia, or disrupted sleep architecture, are common in many mental health conditions including depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. Persistent sleep problems can intensify mental health symptoms, creating a vicious cycle, especially with disorders like insomnia, sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome, or narcolepsy. Interventions like cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) have proven effective in improving sleep quality and can significantly reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety. Treating sleep issues, through methods such as cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I), sleep hygiene, or medical interventions, has been shown to improve mental health outcomes. Recognizing and managing sleep disorders is vital for holistic mental health care, helping to reduce symptoms, improve quality of life, and prevent the development of further psychiatric complications. By contrast, for men there was a linear pathway whereby more men reported problems with excessive sleep as they aged. However, there was an increase in sleep insufficiency problems among those over 85 years of age. For both women and men there was a reduction in reported problems with sleep insufficiency as they aged (i.e., between the period of 65–85 years). Similarly, small studies suggest that there may be an effect of treating insomnia by behavioral interventions in reducing the levels of the inflammatory marker C-reactive protein.136 Again, larger, more rigorous trials with cardiovascular end points will be necessary to make these findings clinically relevant. Few studies have addressed the association between insomnia and incident stroke, but in general, the results have supported an association. A previous American Heart Association scientific statement reviewed the evidence in support of a relation between SDB and hypertension, referring to SDB as an identifiable cause of hypertension.113 Longitudinal studies since that time have confirmed an association between severe SDB (AHI ≥30) and new-onset hypertension in the elderly114 but did not show an association between objectively measured SDB and incident hypertension in middle-aged adults after adjustment.115 Furthermore, the Sleep Heart Health Study demonstrated an association between an AHI ≥30 and the development of hypertension, but this association was no longer significant after adjustment for body mass index. Two recent meta-analyses on the association between SSD and development of diabetes mellitus have been published.92,93 The findings were similar, showing an ≈30% increased risk. It is primarily designed and used to determine levels of need for health care services, develop care plans, and identify suitable support and service options for older individuals. Moreover, the relationship between loneliness, social isolation and sleep are likely to be age and sex dependent, requiring longitudinal sex-stratified approaches. The relationship between loneliness, social isolation, and sleep problems in older adults is likely to be complex, and mediated by a number of factors. However, the contribution of loneliness and social isolation to community living older adults sleep problems is neither well understood nor widely researched. The negative effects of reduced social engagement and loneliness have considerable research backing. On average, those over 45 sleep about 20 minutes less and are more likely to rate their sleep quality as below average. This may cause fragmentation of sleep and undermine the perceived sleep quality,” he says. In contrast, a person with even average sleep quality is notably less likely to regularly experience these symptoms. That number drops to 22% for people with average sleep quality, and only 11% for people with above-average sleep quality. “Anxiety is like dumping gasoline on the fire of insomnia,” says Dr. Brandon Peters, a neurologist and sleep medicine specialist who wrote the book “Sleep Through Insomnia” about cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I). If you feel tired during the day or believe you may be experiencing symptoms stemming from sleep deprivation, experts recommend seeing a doctor. The best way to treat and prevent sleep deprivation is to get enough sleep. If another issue is suspected, further testing such as a sleep study may be recommended. People being evaluated for sleep deprivation may be asked to keep a sleep diary or wear an actigraphy device, which is a watch-like tool that tracks movement to provide insight into sleep patterns. Over time, chronic sleep deprivation can lead to a myriad of health problems, both physical and mental. The effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive function show up in different ways; for example, executive functions (Aidman et al., 2018), attention performance (Stepan et al., 2020) and long-term memory (Ratcliff and Van Dongen, 2018), etc. The study found that overnight improvement was significantly better than daytime improvement (Figure 3a) and correlated with the number of hours of post-training sleep . If looked together, the results suggest a strong negative relationship between sleep quality and academic performance of the medical students. However, there is substantial evidence from other countries regarding the delirious effects of sleep deprivation on students’ academic performance. Cognitive performance in students, including concentration and estimated efforts to complete tasks, is negatively affected by sleep deprivation. Sleep, an essential therapeutic part of human physiology, has been well established as critically important for functioning, mental health, and good quality of life. However, the relationship between sleep quality, stress, and academic performance has not been sufficiently addressed in the literature. Consider including the following in your sleep diary - the time you went to bed and woke up, total sleep hours, perceived quality of sleep, time you spent awake and medications taken. If you wake up feeling fatigued despite having enough hours in bed, sleep issues or insomnia could be interfering with your night's rest. Furthermore, analysis of 7 studies that examined linear relationships between sleep duration and body mass index as a continuous variable showed that for every increased hour of sleep, body mass index was reduced by 0.35 points.29 These findings are echoed in several qualitative reviews on this topic,30–38 which all agree that individuals with habitual SSD are more likely to be obese than those with normal sleep habits (generally 7–8 hours of sleep a night). For individuals struggling with sleep deprivation and its effects on mental health, consulting a healthcare professional can provide necessary support. Establishing a consistent sleep routine can foster better sleep quality and, consequently, improved mental health. Other behavior disorders may also see increased symptoms, making it essential to address sleep issues to improve overall behavior and mental health. Analyses showing an association between sleep stage and atrial fibrillation were subjected to a sensitivity analysis because of concern for either active atrial fibrillation or algorithm-based misclassification driving the association43. Discovery PheWAS and Cox proportional hazard regression models were repeated for each Fitbit-derived sleep metric as described above with an additional covariate for previous diagnosis of sleep apnea. Sensitivity analyses were performed to assess for the influence of sleep apnea on our findings. Missing data for covariates were imputed using multiple imputation with predictive mean matching. Poor sleep can lead to the onset and worsening of mental health disorders, while existing mental health issues can impede sleep quality.The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to assess sleep quality among university students, with scores ranging from 0 to 21, where higher scores indicate poorer sleep quality.In total, 97 companies in Germany took part (mainly in Berlin, Brandenburg, and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania), in each case they used the above-mentioned instrument for the diagnosis of corporate health.Related article Permanent Daylight Saving Time will hurt our health, experts sayMany previous studies have focused on sleep durations and have reported J-shaped associations, in which individuals with shorter (≤6 h) or longer (≥9 h) average daily sleep duration are at higher risk for a variety of poor health outcomes1,2,6.Interestingly, sleep deprivation also affects the formation of sleep spindles, brief bursts of brain activity that play a crucial role in memory consolidation and learning.Apart from that, the centrality of all authors was zero, indicating that no authoritative or influential scholar has emerged in the field of college students' sleep.Sleep issues may cause or worsen mental health conditions, while existing mental health problems can lead to sleep disturbances. Anxiety was reported by half of students, stress affected nearly three-quarters, and depression affected one-third of participants. From a total of 950 students who received our online survey, 701 students participated in this study; the response rate was 73.8%. Mental health (anxiety and depression) was evaluated using the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) . Sleep education is often the first step required for successful management and as such a number of studies have looked at the role of sleep education in adolescents, often in a school environment. UK data for 2010 reported over half of all deaths in 15–19-year-olds were attributable to external causes, including injuries and poisoning, risks and behaviours. Sleepiness relates to being more likely to fall asleep, whereas fatigue is a perception of low energy after otherwise normal activities.36 Understanding which symptom is being experienced can help with managing the underlying problem although it may at times be difficult to distinguish between the two. Increased automaticity and altered temporal preparation following sleep deprivation. Validation of the Karolinska sleepiness scale against performance and EEG variables. All authors had full access to all data in the study and took responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Future research could investigate other cognitive and affective factors with the alterations of interpersonal trust after sleep loss using brain imaging techniques. This finding suggests that factors other than alertness might mediate the relationship between sleep deprivation and interpersonal trust. Memory consolidation, which occurs during sleep, is disrupted when sleep quality is poor.Thus, sex-hormone derivatives (salivary oestrogen and salivary progesterone) can be used as predictors of cognitive behaviour (McNamara et al., 2014).Additionally, sleep disturbances commonly co-occur with mental and physical health disorders such as anxiety, depression, and chronic pain, fostering a bidirectional relationship that compounds health risks 19,20.The possible complications and side effects vary depending on the treatment, the underlying cause of the sleep deprivation and other factors.Moreover, scientific measurement methods should be implemented to regularly assess students’ mental health issues.However, when the trial from Abedelmalek et al. was removed (during one-out analyses), the effect on sleep restriction was no longer significant (ESM Table S9). Practice good sleep hygiene and follow your healthcare provider’s instructions to feel better sooner. If you’re struggling with your sleep, don’t hesitate to see a healthcare provider. Common sleep disorders prevent you from getting the restful, deep sleep you need to function at your best. When sleep-deprived, individuals may experience heightened emotional reactivity, impulsivity, and difficulty coping with stress. Additionally, inadequate sleep can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections and illness. Sleep deprivation occurs when an individual fails to obtain the recommended amount of sleep on a regular basis. In the whirlwind of modern life, sleep often takes a backseat to the demands of work, social life, and personal responsibilities. Sleep and Blood Glucose Levels Excessive daytime sleepiness is an indicator of sleep disorder and an indicator of severe chronic health problems. Hypersomnia, or Excessive Daytime Sleepiness (EDS), is described as increased demand for sleep significantly during activities or situations requiring attentiveness. Several types of sleep disorders are studied frequently, including obstructive sleep dyspnea and insomnia (Zhao et al. 2020). This literature study reinforces the importance of researching sleep and the lifestyle contributors to poor sleep, such as physical activity and nutrition. The medial prefrontal cortex will deteriorate over time, and as a result, older people typically experience less slow-wave sleep during a normal sleep cycle and have a harder time processing memories. Every person should strive for the optimal amount of nightly sleep, as too little or too much can have negative repercussions. That said, excessive sleep can also lead to cognitive impairments. How much sleep you should get each night largely depends on your age. Other potential cognitive impacts include trouble learning and focusing, reduced decision-making skills, and poor emotional and behavioral control. In contrast, a lack of sleep can make you feel sluggish or even cause you to doze off during the day without meaning to. Non-REM sleep is especially important for physical repair and immune function, while REM sleep supports memory consolidation, learning, and emotional regulation. These stages include rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-REM sleep, each of which plays an important role in restoring the body and brain. Sleep is a complex biological process made up of several stages that cycle throughout the night. The articles in this PCD collection offer a wealth of practical information aimed at improving sleep health for the individual and in the community while also recognizing the multifactorial influences, bidirectional relationships, and individual variations in sleep health. Overall, these findings suggest that incorporating neighborhood-level data and context is crucial for effective local interventions to help US adults get adequate sleep (23). These geographic patterns of short sleep duration partially reflect patterns of other chronic conditions. Pankowska et al (23) found that urban–rural differences exist — the prevalence of short sleep duration was lowest among adults living in urban (metropolitan) counties and was higher in micropolitan and rural counties (23). Moreover, existing models lack flexibility across recording environments, generalize poorly across cohorts and often fail to exploit the richness of multimodal sleep signals. Recent advances in deep learning have enabled the use of PSG’s multimodal data for tasks ranging from sleep staging and apnea detection to predicting conditions such as atrial fibrillation, biological aging and narcolepsy3,7,8,9,10. However, most existing studies have focused on identifying links between sleep and specific diseases using isolated metrics or manual annotations, leaving much of the complexity of sleep physiology, as captured in PSG, underutilized. These associations highlight the important role sleep plays in maintaining overall health and underscores its predictive potential across a wide spectrum of diseases. Sleep disorders affect millions of people and are increasingly recognized as indicators of, and contributors to, various health conditions3. How Does Sleep Deprivation Affect You? Sticking to regular sleep and wake times helps your body establish a natural rhythm. Deep sleep stages, particularly REM sleep, are crucial for processing emotions and maintaining mental balance. Poor sleep can lead to irritability, anxiety, and even depression. Research has shown that social jet lag can lead to increased body weight gain due to a higher consumption of fast foods . Jet lag is a common issue for night workers, contributing significantly to the development of metabolic syndrome . Disruption of sleep and circadian rhythms can contribute to insulin resistance, impaired glucose regulation, and the development of T2DM . Sleep disorders can lead to morbidity and mortality, as well as decreased functional capacity and QOL . This concept emphasizes the need to distinguish between an objective state of health and the subjective experience of the patient . Mental health Impacts sleep– Thereis no denying that sleep and mental health are closely linked.It is crucial for overall health, particularly for vulnerable populations such as night workers and individuals with sleep disorders.Research has revealed that people who consistently fail to get enough sleep are at an increased risk of chronic disease, and it’s on way to understand why?Chronic lack of sleep may weaken decision-making, emotional stability, and pave the way for mental health conditions over time.Although self-reported height and weight may be unreliable due to reporting bias, these data have demonstrated their utility and have been accepted in other studies (23–27).The primary outcomes were to identify sleep disturbances and specific sleep symptoms related to the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in the general population.Sometimes, you can continue experiencing insomnia or coronasomnia even despite good sleep habits.For instance, there is strong evidence for the association of quality and quantity of sleep with school performance and cognitive ability among school-aged children and adolescents (Blunden et al., 2000; Owens et al., 2000; Roberts et al., 2001). With alcohol, it is fine to have a couple of glasses with your evening meal, however, if you are using it as a sleep aid, then you need to reassess what else you can do instead. Equally, if caffeine does not seem to affect your sleep, do not feel you need to cut this out. In terms of short-term effects, you may notice difficulty concentrating, problem solving, and decision making as well as a change in your mood. What we generally find is, once these events have taken place, people fall back into a normal sleeping pattern. There are many things that can disrupt your sleep, such as a big presentation at work the next day or a doctor’s appointment. Findings should be corroborated with objective measures of sleep duration to replicate the findings observed in the present study. However, in large epidemiological studies, self-reported sleep data have been shown to be reliable . People often over-estimate their sleep duration by reporting time in bed versus time asleep . As previously mentioned, the subjects of our study were full-time undergraduate students from the College of Alice and Peter Tan (CAPT), a residential college within the National University of Singapore. Summing the score of all seven subscales yields the Global PSQI score which represents overall sleep quality. The targeted endpoint was a model for subjective sleep quality that would reveal the nature of these relationships (e.g., linear versus quadratic) and how the different dependent variables might interact. In total, 49.7% of staff reported moderate difficulty falling and/or remaining asleep. This relationship was examined using secondary data analysis of aggregated survey data from 97 companies based in Germany between 2003 and 2020 as part of Workplace Health Management project. While occasional sleep problems are common, certain signs indicate the need for professional help. Develop a relaxing bedtime routine that signals to your body it’s time to wind down. Try to avoid screens at least one hour before bed and use night mode settings when necessary. In healthy adults, short-term sleep interruptions result in a greater response to stress, an increase in painful musculoskeletal sensitivity, and a decrease in the perceived quality of life.It can accordingly configure a vicious circle or can represent a bidirectional relationship between productivity and health of the employees.The annual incidence of stroke is 2 to 18 per 1000 individuals, and sleep-wake disturbances are found in at least 20 percent of stroke patients (Bassetti, 2005).Those authors concluded that during mild and moderate chronic partial SD, the brain adapted to a stressful condition to maintain performance, yet at a reduced level.Moreover, the existing studies have generally had limited statistical power due to small samples and/or the use of between-subjects research designs.Although our study was well powered and we used different measures of sleep quantity, most of the relationships with sleep quantity were not statistically significant after controlling for covariates.In surviving COVID patients, the pooled prevalence of anxiety/depression and decreased mental health or PTSD symptoms were reported as 37.5% (95% CI 19–58%) and 14.5% (95% CI 4–29%), respectively .This indicates that compared to the effect of physical activity on physical health and the effects of diet quality on both mental and physical health, the effect of physical activity on mental health is much smaller.This is a great option for night shift workers, travelers with jet lag, and individuals who have health conditions that affect their bodies’ natural ability to sleep well.1Once the urge to be online has become uncontrollable, it is always accompanied by severe sleep loss, emotional distress, depression, and memory dysfunction. Understanding sleep's role in this pattern could unlock insights for helping to prevent and treat many emotional and mental disorders. Even after adequate treatment for depression or anxiety, people who continue to suffer from sleep difficulties are at greater risk of relapse relative to those whose sleep improves. People who suffer from insomnia are at least twice as likely to develop depression or anxiety later in life, compared with individuals who sleep well. Tiredness often leads to unhealthy cravings and overindulgence, accompanied by a decrease in stamina and physical activity. Despite all decades of research, we still aren’t sure why our bodies need sleep. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of Ghent University and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The prefrontal cortex and amygdala-critical regions involved in modulating emotional responses-are particularly sensitive to the effects of sleep loss. Yoo et al. demonstrated that sleep deprivation disrupts this prefrontal-amygdala connectivity, resulting in heightened amygdala activation and exaggerated emotional responses to negative stimuli, reflecting diminished regulatory control . Initially, the brain attempts to compensate for executive dysfunction by increasing prefrontal cortex activation; however, these compensatory mechanisms become progressively less effective with sustained sleep deprivation . The largest research base that links sleep in children to daytime functioning comes from correlational studies in epidemiological samples. In the end, there is no single “best” way to study the impact of sleep on the daytime functioning of children and adolescents. There is a large and well-developed literature on sleep deprivation in adults that can provide initial guidance for pediatric research, but can not be extrapolated to children without studying children, for several reasons. Inadequate sleep can contribute to heightened impulsiveness and increased hyperactivity in individuals with ADHD. Increased sleep deprivation correlates with more severe emotional disturbances. Additionally, the lack of restorative sleep can result in increased feelings of anxiety and stress. Overall, the brain’s efficiency declines when it lacks adequate rest, leading to poorer performance in daily activities and responsibilities. Research shows that insufficient sleep can negatively affect cognitive processes such as memory, attention, and decision-making. The purpose of the study is to explore the research hotspots and frontiers regarding college students' sleep using CiteSpace5.8.R3 and offer guidance for future study. Considering the influential role of emotion regulation strategies in easing the detrimental effects of stressful events on subsequent sleep, further research has to clarify which emotion regulation strategy in which situation can modulate sleep in a most beneficial way. For instance, morning mood improves when REM-sleep is intact, but worsens after a night of sleep deprivation. Depending thus upon the operationalization, some studies indicate that an emotion-approach coping style might indeed induce a reduction in total sleep time (as assessed using actigraphy) and a higher-level bedtime arousal –. At retest 20 minutes, 12 hours, or 24 hours later, subjects were tested on their memory for these premise pairs, but also on their ability to integrate these premise pairs to infer, for example, that they should “choose B over D”. In an experiment by Wagner et al, subjects were presented with a task where discovery of a hidden rule greatly improves speed of performance . In addition to playing a role in the stabilization and enhancement of different types of memory, sleep has also been implicated in the process of gaining creative insight and making broad connections among learned information. Change in recognition rate of emotional or neutral images is demonstrated 12 hours from initial encoding compared to 30 minutes after encoding. The emotional memory retention bias seen after periods of sleep may relate to an unconscious perception that emotional memories are most relevant to the individual; and, thus, sleep is playing a role in preserving that information which is deemed most significant. These experiments also reveal that individuals differ markedly in their cognitive vulnerabilities to sleep restriction, which suggests a trait-like (possibly genetic) basis for the response. These two limited studies suggest that sleep restriction alters the acute immune response to vaccination, and decreases the febrile response to an endotoxin signal. Relationships among these measures, BMI, and sleep duration revealed a curvilinear (U-shaped) association between sleep duration and BMI. Except that, high-quality guidelines and reviews also appeared. The second reference written by Péter Simor described if the sleep problems impacted the association between chronotype and negative emotions, and if eveningness preference led to bad emotions (34). It reminded us the abuse of mobile phone would cause s series of problems, especially in sleep. Colors from cool to warm reflected the time from 2012 to 2021. Even though the line had fluctuations, it steadily increased, and the number of articles published rose from 120 in 2014 to 238 in 2019.