To this end, we summarize results of the scientific research that has examined pharmacological effects of CBD, emphasizing studies performed with human subjects. According to the DEA classification scheme, a Schedule I drug does not have any defined medical uses. Few studies, however, have provided conclusive links between CBD’s demonstrated therapeutic effects and verified pharmacological mechanisms underlying the effect (Ibeas Bih et al., 2015). In contrast, “hemp” that is selectively bred for consumer use may have resin-rich flowers that contain high concentrations of CBD (acid form), and the flowers of cannabis plants bred for recreational use usually contain high concentrations of THC (acid form) (Andre et al., 2016; VanDolah, Bauer, & Mauck, 2019). Deep breathing, positive mantras and tackling negative thoughts can help get you out of your head and cool down your anxiety This fast-acting anxiety medication should never be taken with alcohol, despite what you may see on The White Lotus He continues, “If you could confirm that a product had no THC and had a CBD percentage close to what the label claims, there’s little concern it would do any harm regardless of the benefits. If you are getting sick to your stomach or sleepy, a lower dose will likely be more tolerable, but lowering the dose can make CBD less effective. Tell your doctor and pharmacist you are taking CBD, so you can avoid potentially dangerous drug interactions. If you want to try a CBD product, you need to assure the product you use is tested by an outside laboratory or FDA-approved. In addition, demonstrating an effect in an animal model of a disease or disorder is only one of the initial steps in drug development. CBD may also interact with other drugs, which may result in the need to adjust dosing regimens (Gaston et al., 2017; Huestis et al., 2019; Lucas et al., 2018; Morrison, Crockett, Blakey, & Sommerville, 2019). Common adverse effects reported after use of Epidiolex include drowsiness, diarrhea, and elevation of transaminases (i.e., liver enzymes) (Huestis et al., 2019; Rubin, 2018; White, 2019). Other types of studies with people, and studies of mice and rats, have turned up antianxiety effects, too. Controlled clinical research on CBD alone as a treatment for pain/inflammation is in its infancy and it is thus difficult to make firm conclusions regarding CBD’s efficacy for such health conditions. In studies with healthy volunteers (i.e., without clinical anxiety), oral administration of CBD prior to the SPS has decreased self-reported ratings of anxiety relative to placebo. The goal of this review was to synthesize available clinical evidence from human laboratory studies and clinical trials (e.g., randomized controlled trials and single-arm, open label trials) regarding the efficacy of CBD as a therapeutic for various health conditions. Despite the regulatory concerns with CBD products, there is substantial interest among consumers, as well as the medical and scientific communities, regarding the therapeutic potential of CBD, including for indications not yet approved by the FDA. Perfect for relaxation, deep sleep, and sweet dreams! ✨🌙 Finally, a natural sleep gummy that really help me—WITHOUT melatonin! Obviously, what's said on Reddit doesn't necessarily reflect the views of the larger public, but because few other surveys and studies exist on this topic, online testimonials are a good place to start. Because CBD oil and tinctures are sold as supplements, they are not regulated for safety or purity by the FDA, which means we have no idea about dosage. Regulations need to become stricter, researchers argue, not only when it comes to marketing but also when it comes to the contents of the product itself. A similar effect has been observed in healthy people in anxiety-inducing situations12, and several researchers are exploring CBD as a means of soothing social stress in people with autism spectrum disorder. Preclinical data from rodent and cell-culture studies have hinted at the possible benefits of using CBD to help treat disorders that range from Parkinson’s disease to chronic pain. “He asked me to do a trial.” As a medical student, he had been taught the history of medicinal cannabis, including well-documented uses of the plant by nineteenth-century physicians to treat seizures. Chronic pain This highlights a concern that, in this unregulated commercial environment, CBD composition is highly variable and that there is a need for regulatory control and government-sanctioned independent testing of commercial products. This is in contrast with other studies that have shown marked differences between the actual composition of CBD oil and what is stated on the label 39, 40. With regard to CBD oil composition our findings is in agreement with a study by Urasaki et al. that found oil composition in agreement with the manufacturer's label. A number of recent studies have highlighted that not all CBD oils are in agreement with their labels. Overall, studies evaluating CBD for substance use disorders and withdrawal are limited, and data within drug classes are mixed, highlighting that continued research is needed.25 Gut Health Hacks is yours absolutely FREE when you sign up to receive health information from Harvard Medical School.Like any ingested chemical, it has the potential to alter the functioning of physiological systems, and preliminary evidence suggests that it does."He is physical, he is a drug user, you may know of his love of baby oil. Is that a federal crime? No!"Yet, widespread misconceptions about CBD’s effects that are furthered by misleading advertisements leave consumers wondering about which sources of information to trust.Food and Drug Administration to approve the CBD drug, called Epidiolex, last June.Of the 102 products that indicated a specific amount of CBD, 18 products (18%) contained less than 80% of the amount of CBD indicated, 46 products (45%) contained CBD within 20 percent of the amount indicated, and 38 products (37%) contained more than 120 percent of the amount of CBD indicated. With origins as far back as 4000 BC, Chinese pharmacopoeias documented the medicinal use of cannabis, outlining its effectiveness in the treatment of pain, constipation, menstrual cramps, and malaria (Li 1978). Across studies, findings suggest promising treatment effects and potentially overlapping mechanisms of action for CBD in these disorders and indicate the need for further systematic investigation of the viability of CBD as a psychiatric pharmacotherapy. And when they're using CBD or other cannabis products for conditions we don't know very much about, that's worrisome. Because of lax oversight, there’s no telling what’s inside many of those tinctures, oils, rubs and foods for sale online and in stores. Still, she urges caution to people eager to try CBD. National Institutes of Health funding for CBD studies went from zero in 2014 to an estimated $16 million in 2018. Anxiety/post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) This type of data is not provided by the black-market CBD products.4 Its side effects and other clinical data are publicly available. CBD products that are not approved by the FDA and are sold as medicines, or as food, or cosmetics are “black-market” and are illegally trafficked and sold. CBD concentrations were independently confirmed in the commercial oils, and cannabinoid and terpene composition were also compared. Dose-response curves were then performed to compare the potencies of pure CBD to CBD oils. There is clear evidence supporting the utility of CBD to treat epilepsy. This deceptive marketing of unproven treatments raises significant public health concerns, as it may keep some patients from accessing appropriate, recognized therapies to treat serious and even fatal diseases.”2 “Selling unapproved products with unsubstantiated therapeutic claims is not only a violation of the law, but also can put patients at risk, as these products have not been proven to be safe or effective. These compounds are subject to the same requirements as FDA-regulated products containing any other substance regardless of the source of the substance. However, Congress explicitly preserved the FDA’s authority to regulate these products under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and section 351 of the Public Health Service Act. Read on to learn about CBD's safety profile and how to minimize any possible side effects. Looking for information on CBD side effects? You can take CBD as oils, sprays, lozenges, topicals, capsules, and gummies. A recent survey found that many people take CBD but don’t tell their doctors. Interestingly, some oils actually appeared to protect cancer cells from the effects of CBD. Six cancer cell lines, from 3 different types of human cancer were treated with 10 μM pure CBD or 10 μM CBD from hemp (Cannabis sativa) oil (obtained from 3 different commercial sources) for 48 h, and cell viability was measured with the MTS assay. An ongoing debate regarding the use of medical Cannabis revolves around the effectiveness of pure compounds versus intact plant material for treatment. And if you’re waiting on those studies to turn out evidence, get comfortable. “The science isn’t there yet,” says Dr. Streem, adding that while there are scientific studies backing the use of CBD for the previously mentioned seizure conditions, no such high-quality data exists for CBD and anxiety yet. CBD probably doesn’t help curb anxiety the way advertisements or anecdotal evidence claim. You can find CBD on shelves in many stores, with various brands promoting benefits that range from alleviating pain to aiding sleep. Regardless of the product, don’t drive for a couple days after you start a CBD product until you know how the drug is impacting you. After observing that rats with a heroin addiction were less likely to seek out the opioid when treated with CBD, she began to investigate whether CBD might have the same effect on people with an opioid dependency. And although cannabis been demonized as a gateway to more dangerous substances, Hurd has found that it might actually contain an effective antidote for potentially deadly addictions. “Many parents wanted to keep their children on it even if the seizures didn’t improve, because they’re calmer and sleeping better,” he says. Children with a severe form of epilepsy have been able to receive prescribed medicinal cannabis from their doctors since 2018 in the form of a drug called Epidiolex. Derived from the cannabis plant, CBD is found in face creams, supplements, oils, and more. The global perspective on cannabidiol (CBD) has recently grown more optimistic, with many claims about the product extrapolating beyond conclusive research. For example, many of these states do not formally require these low-THC or CBD-only products to be tested, labeled in a specific way, or registered within a seed-to-sale tracking system that enables the state to monitor a product at each stage of its production. Get the latest in health news delivered to your inbox! And, while there is a lot of positive talk about cannabis, there are risks—especially if you’re over 55. With so much misinformation and junk-science on the internet, it is important to get solid facts from doctors and scientists you can trust before deciding if medical marijuana could help you. This deceptive marketing of unproven treatments raises significant public health concerns, as it may keep some patients from accessing appropriate, recognized therapies to treat serious and even fatal diseases.”2Available formulations include oils, lotions, and tinctures as well as “vape juice” (i.e., liquids for fillable electronic cigarettes).Accuracy of CBD levels listed on 84 product labelsCBD may also interact with other drugs, which may result in the need to adjust dosing regimens (Gaston et al., 2017; Huestis et al., 2019; Lucas et al., 2018; Morrison, Crockett, Blakey, & Sommerville, 2019).This is one of several reasons why researchers caution against self-medication with CBD products targeted at consumers.As of 2018, Congress made hemp (but not marijuana) legal in all 50 states.Currently, many people obtain CBD online without a medical marijuana license, which is legal in most states. Sign up for our newsletter At least 2,800 people have been hospitalized and at least 68 people in the U.S. have died from lung injury linked to vape pens containing vitamin E acetate. Vaping CBD may be dangerous to your health. The vape pen heats a liquid containing CBD, usually diluted with palm, coconut, or vitamin E oil. The flowering heads of the hemp plant are known as CBD flower, or hemp flower. As has been discussed on this blog repeatedly, drugs are typically considered unsafe and unproven until evidence shows otherwise.Furthermore, although CBD does not reduce heroin self-administration or heroin-primed reinstatement of drug seeking in an animal model of relapse, it nonetheless diminishes heroin cue-primed drug seeking and normalizes heroin-induced impairments in accumbal AMPA and CB1 receptor levels (Ren et al. 2009).In the present study, we chose to avoid serum starvation because it less accurately reflects the human system and renders the cells more fragile and sensitive to drug treatment 33, 34, 35, 36.There is also medical cannabis available based on medical authorization in many countries.Patients were assigned randomly to treatment groups and received placebo or one of two doses (400 or 800 mg) of CBD.Affected people try to self-treat with other substances and consult blogs on the internet rather than professional treatment.And, while there is a lot of positive talk about cannabis, there are risks—especially if you’re over 55. When we enter deep sleep, our body produces recovery and growth hormones. Blessful Sleep Gummies by Power Gummies Beauty sleep is real! And as pointed out previously, the gummies are fully natural and hence include no damaging chemicals that can damage one's health. What's more, the components are cold-pressed to guarantee the product still retains its remarkable restorative residential or commercial properties. All information is provided for discussion purposes only, and should not be used as a replacement for consultation with a licensed and accredited health professional. He has a professional interest is improving the cost-effective use of drugs at the population level. While there are hundreds of clinical trials underway, the uncontrolled clinical trial in the consumer marketplace has also begun, and it won’t give us the answers we need anytime soon. Indiscriminate and uncontrolled use may be what some consumers want, but it won’t answer questions about efficacy, long-term effects, or safety. It helps to keep a journal recording what type of CBD product you took, how much, and your response to it. A small amount of THC in a CBD product isn't typically problematic. CBD can be taken as a pill, found in a gummy, taken as a tincture, or smoked (which isn't a healthy way to consume it). There is increasing data that CBD may help people overcome various addictions. Their ability to keep their emotions in check, and to get or excel at a new job improved, along with their mental health. More research is needed on how CBD affects pain. Research is mostly positive on CBD's effectiveness for anxiety. The FDA approved the treatment for patients as young as 2 years old. We don't know of any severe side effects at this time. There's also data to suggest the potential of CBD as a treatment for schizophrenia and for substance use disorders. Nobody really knows what is responsible for the mental and physical health benefits that have been attributed to it. No matter what you call it, you may have heard health claims about this little-known part of the marijuana plant, which comes from the plant's flowers. It can intensify side effects of others. "Because CBD is not an FDA-approved treatment for nearly all the conditions cited by users who post to Reddit, CBD users may unnecessarily experience prolonged illnesses that would otherwise be alleviated with proven effective treatments." The real risk, researchers say, is that people with treatable conditions will turn to CBD as a valid alternative, something the FDA promised Congress it would be stronger on. "The benefits include a couple very rare types of seizures," explains James Adams, Chief Medical Officer at Northwestern Medicine, who was not involved in the current study. Sean “Diddy” Combs’ Ex Says He Threatened To Release Sex Tapes It's also worth pointing out that in some cases, medical cannabis may prove more effective than CBD alone. A recent study suggests that CBD may represent 'a new class of treatment' for psychosis. For instance, one 2015 review paper concluded that CBD has 'considerable potential as a treatment for multiple anxiety disorders'. Barnes recommends looking out for products that have a Certificate of Analysis on their website. A. Some people should be taking CBD, but not most people. Companies are adding CBD to creams, oils, food and beverages. The FDA is under intense pressure from the public, as well as lawmakers including Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, to come up with a solution. In addition to the health risks CBD itself may pose, the FDA cautioned consumers to be aware of product quality. "Importantly, consumers should know there is limited available information about CBD, including about its effects on the body." Abernethy leads a working group at the FDA tasked with crafting regulations to bring legal CBD products to market. Chronic cannabis use causes damage and loss of retina ganglion cells as does the disease glaucoma. A recent study suggests that CBD doesn’t lower eye pressure but instead raises it. Lead can cause poisoning, speech, and language problems, neurologic toxicity, and reproductive problems. Its approval was based on well-controlled FDA clinical trials. There are over 100 different known cannabinoids, with the 2 most abundant being delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). We found that pure CBD was as potent or more potent at reducing cancer cell viability as the most potent oil tested, suggesting that there is no “entourage” effect under these specific in vitro conditions. Additionally, dose-response curves found lower IC50 values for pure CBD compared to the most potent CBD oil tested. None of the CBD oils tested were able to reduce viability to a greater extent than that of pure CBD. Many such claims lie beyond the bounds of medical evidence — including that regarding CBD preparations that purport to prevent cancer or to treat Alzheimer’s disease.However, with prolonged daily use, it starts to induce liver enzymes and could cause other drugs to have lower concentrations in the blood.Both hemp and marijuana, two versions of Cannabis sativa, produce THC and CBD, though in varying amounts.A. CBD is generally well tolerated, but has been shown to cause sleepiness, diarrhea, or vomiting, and fatigue or lethargy in 20-30% of users.Jennifer Aniston champions CBD for reducing pain and stress.Unlike THC, CBD has no psychoactive effects.But not all CBD sellers test their products.In addition to their normal medication, half of the participants got doses of CBD that were rigorously tested and standardized by the drug’s maker. It is a natural substance found in cannabis (also known as marijuana) and hemp plants. Most people fall asleep within 10 to 20 minutes, but if your experience is different, adjusting your sleep schedule may help A healthy amount of anxiety can keep you safe from harm and motivate you to take action “Whereas THC can induce psychotic symptoms, impair cognition and make people anxious, CBD appears to do the opposite,” says Philip McGuire, a psychiatrist at King’s College London. In 2018, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) determined that Epidiolex — a purified CBD product developed by GW Pharmaceuticals in Histon, UK — effectively reduces the frequency of seizures in certain rare forms of paediatric epilepsy. Although contradictory, all three statements are true from different perspectives, and clinical researchers are frustrated. That makes it hard to know whether your medical treatment or therapy is helping. You may need to slowly reduce your dose of certain anxiety and depression medications to avoid side effects. CBD can interact with certain other drugs, or change the way those drugs work in your body, which can lead to dangerous side effects. The FDA is working with lawmakers to come up with a system to evaluate and approve CBD products. But other than the anti-seizure medications, CBD products aren’t regulated by the FDA. We conclude that further research is necessary to clarify legitimate therapeutic effects of CBD. In that scenario, the signal of true clinical benefit would almost certainly be drowned out by the noise from personal anecdotes and the placebo effect, which could jeopardize the future of a potentially valuable medicine. Unfortunately, if studies such as these are not done — or not done properly — then consumers will be left to fend for themselves in a poorly monitored marketplace. Resources used were ORVID, PubMed, MEDLINE, PsychINFO, EMBASE with keywords CBD, cannabidiol, hemp and cannabinoids. This article is a systematic review of literature reviewing the available clinical data on CBD, for use in various medical and psychiatric conditions with focus on a review of the pharmacology and toxicity. Frequently the so-called CBD products are not containing any CBD at all, but mostly containing THC. There is a significant difference between this medication and the over-the-counter CBD products that contain very inconsistent strengths of CBD, if they contain it at all, and vary in percentage even from sample to sample. The THC content for all 3 oils was below 0.3% (based on total mass of the oil), the maximum level allowed in the US for hemp-derived products. Possible concerns with the use of CBD as a therapeutic include the potential for adverse effects (e.g., liver toxicity), drug-drug interactions, and lack of sufficient regulatory oversight of retail CBD products. Newly introduced laws in the US and UK, which legalised the growing of hemp, a cannabis plant with low THC levels, have made it easier to produce and sell CBD products. The treatment of OUD with CBD bears particularly a risk, as the amount of CBD taken is not dosed in a controlled setting and for someone who has lost control over a substance prior might have difficulties dosing CBD as well. This bears grounds to investigate for alternatives, easier accessible and less controlled treatment options for OUD . In the US approximately 2.5 million people have been diagnosed with an OUD and about 80 people each day die of overdose. In animal studies CBD has shown promising capabilities to reduce striatal dopamine hypersensitivity which is mediating chorea 83, 84. Basic research in humans showed an overall increase in the total amount of sleep with several sleep disorders 79, 80. A Massachusetts case claimed that many of the defendant’s products had significantly lower levels of CBD than advertised. A California case claims that the company engaged in false and deceptive practices and that their products could not be sold legally. A truck driver lost his job when he tested positive for THC on a drug test after being told by the manufacturer that a CBD product had no THC.23 Studies in laboratory animals show male reproductive toxicity, including in the male offspring of CBD-treated pregnant females. CBD products may also be contaminated with substances that may pose a risk to the fetus or breastfed baby such as pesticides, heavy metals, bacteria, and fungus. But synthetic CBD still falls under the schedule 1 classification in the United States, which creates extra economic and bureaucratic hurdles for clinical trials. Obtaining sufficient quantities of pharmaceutical-grade CBD to conduct a well-powered clinical trial is already difficult. “It’s one thing if you’ve got too much THC in gummy bears you’re using with friends, but something entirely different if it’s a kid you’re giving CBD for medical reasons,” says Bonn-Miller. For example, whereas 300 milligrams of CBD might reduce a person’s anxiety, the same person might not get any relief from a dose of either 100 milligrams or 900 milligrams. The authors declare that data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article. Also, the claimed absence of psycho-active effects and absence of withdrawal symptoms upon discontinuation of CBD is from current point of view, subject to speculation. A possible development of an addictive disorder to CBD can from the current knowledge not be excluded and further data on long-term administration, the effects of tolerance and toxicity with administration of higher doses need to be investigated. It is dangerous to assume that the CBD is a “miracle drug” without any safety concerns given the list of potential toxic reactions. The current situation, where the user does not know what they are actually getting in the product, makes CBD unsafe and the risk outweighs the benefit of recommending or using that substance. The incidence of severe adverse events resulting from CBD administration appears low based on review of these studies. Several comprehensive reviews have concluded that CBD has low toxicity, no psychotomimetic effects, very low abuse liability, and is well tolerated by adults 15, 48. Beyond developing a more detailed understanding of the efficacy of CBD as a therapeutic treatment option, future research should continue to evaluate the safety of CBD. These differences make it difficult to conduct comparisons across studies and to draw firm conclusions on the therapeutic efficacy of CBD for a given condition. However, the efficacy of CBD as a sole treatment for most of the other indications discussed in this review remains unclear due to various reasons. Dozens of clinical trials are currently ongoing, with aims ranging from managing insomnia to treating Alzheimer’s, but these are still in the early stages. So far, this is the only CBD drug approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Some medical research suggests that CBD helps with symptoms of various conditions. CBD has made its way into mainstream natural medicine after gaining recognition for its broad medical benefits. Indeed, the UK CBD market was valued at £690 million in 2021, and many high-profile celebrities have promoted the product. Food chains in Caribbean coral reefs are getting shorter Indeed, in June 2018, the FDA approved Epidiolex, a purified plant-based CBD extract, for use as a treatment for Dravet syndrome and Lennox–Gastaut syndrome, severe forms of childhood epilepsy (US Food and Drug Administration, 2018). Further, state-level legalization of cannabis does not negate the federal prohibition, because researchers working in institutions that receive federal funds are bound by the terms of federal law. Regulations controlling the transportation and use of Schedule I drugs are strict, even when such drugs are being used for research. The cannabis plant has dozens of biochemically active compounds, known as cannabinoids. Parts of the cannabis plant are also used recreationally, whether smoked, vaporized, cooked into food, or brewed in tea. Neutral antagonism of the CB1 receptor may allow THCV to therapeutically target the mesolimbic reward circuitry and avoid the negative psychiatric side effects of CB1 receptor inverse agonists such as rimonabant (Riedel et al. 2009, Ward & Raffa 2011, Tudge et al. 2015). THCV is a pCB with multitarget pharmacological effects as a neutral antagonist of the CB1 receptor as well as a partial agonist of the CB2 receptor (McPartland et al. 2015). No matter if you're using CBD for anxiety,discomfort relief, sleep problems, or any other unpleasant ailment, I am going to inform you about one of the most popular CBD items you can find on the market. • Many of the gummies are designed to be drug-free and non-habit forming, offering a natural alternative to prescription sleep aids. • Many people struggle with sleep issues, and these gummies offer a convenient and often more palatable alternative to traditional sleep aids. The sample of the study is small, but the longitudinal research suggests CBD use is on the rise, and in the minds of many consumers, the product has gone from supplement to medicine. It’s no surprise then that many people reach for CBD products, despite their high price tag and the lack of evidence of their effectiveness or safety. Most CBD products bought online – including popular CBD oils – are known to contain very small amounts of CBD. The benefits of CBD for sleep and health are available without needing to consume the cannabis plant—and most definitely without a mind-altering “high! CBD, or cannabidiol, is another major component of cannabis that has been well studied and continues to attract a lot of attention from scientists for its potential health benefits. It doesn’t mean that anxiety and psychosis caused by means other than THC will respond in the same way. However, you need a consistent concentration of the drug. A. For seizures that don’t respond well to other drugs, there is enough data to say that CBD does work. The first is government oversight and federal laws that make research into cannabinoids, including marijuana, difficult. As Dr. Streem notes, studies that yield the necessary data are difficult for researchers to conduct for two reasons. “In these cases, the more common seizure medications don’t work very well.” CBD is part of a treatment package that includes other medications and even brain surgery. CBD mostly comes from hemp and, notably, contains very small traces of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive ingredient that causes the “high” in marijuana. • Whether you have occasional sleeplessness or you're seeking a nightly routine to improve your overall sleep, this episode will offer valuable information to guide your choices. • This review, found on "The Inside Exclusive," provides a detailed look at each product, focusing on ingredients, user ratings, and overall value. • We'll be diving into the top 10 sleep gummies available, highlighting their key features, benefits, and potential drawbacks, all based on a comprehensive review. Today, we're exploring the world of sleep gummies, a popular and tasty way to combat restless nights and achieve better sleep. In 2020, the FDA did a study on products that claimed to have a specific amount of CBD and those claimed amounts were compared to the FDA testing results. In addition, they are not administered with any federally approved medical protocols as are prescription drugs and there may be no warnings for how they interact with other drugs, or whether they have dangerous side effects.3 Black-market CBD products have not been evaluated by the FDA to determine if they are safe as foods or effective or safe for any medical use, and if safe, what the proper dosage would be. The market for products containing hemp-. • Melatonin is a key ingredient in many of these products, helping to regulate the sleep cycle. This could happen if the product is impure or contains too much THC. Antidepressants, pain medications, and blood thinners are some medicines that may interact negatively with CBD. CBD can interact with different medications, causing side effects. The oils were diluted in DMSO such that the cells were treated with 10 μM CBD for each oil (oil content varied between 0.05 and 0.06%). To assess the ability of the CBD oils to reduce cell viability, we conducted cell death experiments as previously described for pure CBD . Shown are the results of our testing of terpene composition for each of the 3 CBD oils. The FDA further states that no food products can enter inter-state commerce and that CBD is not a safe food additive. Ninety percent of the tested CBD products contained much less CBD that what was posted on the label or no CBD at all, but the majority of tested products did contain a greater content of THC than claimed 99-103. The FDA had tested the content of these products and found a discrepancy of the claimed ingredients on the label and the actual content. Over the last several years, including 2019, the FDA has issued several warning letters about unapproved new drugs on the market that allegedly contain CBD. Similar exacerbating effects are to be expected when CBD is no longer taken for depression or anxiety 12, 42. While the lack of evidence indicates that we should be somewhat careful about the CBD we take, it should be safe enough for most people to try. While this still needs a more comprehensive study, people should be cautious about consuming high doses of CBD. For example, some products are inaccurately labelled, so the dosage may differ from what is advertised. Therefore, with a huge number of CBD products available on the market, it is hard to know whether they all have the professed benefits. CBD can also be used to relieve anxiety, with many studies reporting that it acts as an effective anxiolytic. In addition, the product may contain other unknown elements. So you cannot be sure that the product you buy has active ingredients at the dose listed on the label. Many nonprescription drugs, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol), have this same effect. Not much research has looked specifically at CBD and fertility, and most studies have been in animals, not people. You can also ask staff questions about products, how they work, and which ones might work best for you. Their products are tested in labs for contamination and clearly labeled with CBD dosage. Many products that claim to be CBD also contain other cannabinoids, such as THC. Patients in the CBD treatment group showed significant improvement on a scale measuring positive symptoms of psychosis, suggesting that it may be effective as an adjunctive therapy when administered with an antipsychotic. Neither the patient nor the direct care medical staff knew which substance the patient received. Patients were assigned randomly to treatment groups and received placebo or one of two doses (400 or 800 mg) of CBD. For example, Hurd et al. (2019) evaluated the effects of acute and repeated administration of CBD in abstinent patients diagnosed with heroin use disorder. Although it has been increasing, rigorous research on the therapeutic effects of cannabinoids in humans remains sparse. CBD’s effects on this system are indirect at best and, as yet, have been demonstrated primarily in molecular models. Consequently, statements implying that CBD produces effects through its action on homeostatic processes mediated by the endocannabinoid system are misleading. The current situation, where the user does not know what they are actually getting in the product, makes CBD unsafe and the risk outweighs the benefit of recommending or using that substance.Performance anxiety and stage fright are outsized stress responses that can creep up when you’re put on the spotIn a small 2017 study, adults with ADHD who used a cannabis spray saw no difference in cognitive performance but had improvements in hyperactivity and impulsivity.Hemp is defined as cannabis and its derivatives with extremely low (less than 0.3% a dry weight basis) concentration of the THC.Owing to its effects on appetite and reward seeking, rimonabant was approved and marketed for the treatment of metabolic syndrome in obese patients (Christensen et al. 2007, Ward & Raffa 2011) and went to advanced clinical trials for smoking cessation (Cohen et al. 2004, Gelfand & Cannon 2006). The study populations in these studies are mostly small and the follow-up is short or only monitored in a one-time event. Leweke et al conducted a study looking at the effect of CBD on visual hallucinations induced by nabilone in healthy volunteers. Another double-blind, randomized clinical trial compared CBD with amisulpride and noted similar clinical improvement with less side effects . Unlike THC, however, CBD restrains rather than activates CB1 signalling, and therefore doesn’t induce the psychoactive effects of its cannabinoid cousin. “These multiple pharmacological effects may justify the wide range of possible therapeutic activities.” The range of conditions in which CBD is being tested might seem diverse, but it is a compound with far-reaching, if poorly understood, physiological effects. Laboratory tests of CBD products bought online revealed that most of the products were mislabeled. Of those, only 26 were labeled accurately (containing CBD within 10 percent of the claimed amount); 36 of the products had more CBD than their labels said; and 22 products had less. Researchers ordered and tested 84 products sold online in 2016 as CBD-containing products. People can sell it everywhere, but it’s very difficult for scientists to study its effects in humans.” A study appearing in 2017 in Pain found that CBD could block osteoarthritis pain and nerve damage in rats. Cannabidiol’s Effects in the Body As a result, there has been very little medical research done on it. Despite the recent legalization of hemp, most all of the CBD Oil on the market is still technically illegal. PITTSBURGH (KDKA) -- For the past decade, University of Pittsburgh graduate student Andrea Maxwell has suffered from debilitating depression and paralyzing anxiety, all of which came to a head last summer. For some of Thiele’s patients, CBD seems to still be effective after five years of taking the drug, even allowing them to taper off some of their other medications, she says. One, called TRPV1, is known to play a role in pain sensation and maybe epilepsy, too. Instead, studies in rats and mice point to two different targets. Despite rigorous testing of Epidiolex, big gaps in knowledge on how the drug works in epilepsy remain. Reduction in seizure frequency during treatment (Photos of the cracked door were entered into evidence.) She alleged that while trying to run away, the Bad Boy Records founder kicked her in the back of the thigh, which made her fall. She testified that it led to sexual voyeurism after she solicited Anton, a sex worker whom she and Combs often hired, where a group of people watched him have sex with a woman in a hotel room during the trip. However, Paul vehemently denied being a “drug mule” for the rap mogul. During Ceriello’s testimony June 23, the jury was shown explicit videos—which, according to NBC News reporters in the courtroom, appeared to be from Combs’ “freak offs”—that were entered into evidence. There's no evidence, for example, that CBD cures cancer, as some proponents claims. There is evidence that CBD is quite helpful for some conditions, but certainly not all the conditions it is being promoted for. In order to understand whether CBD is legal where you live, you'll need to consult your state health department website or professionals in your community. In other states it's legal only for medical use. A recent FDA report states that CBD can cause sleepiness, sedation, and that may make operating a motor vehicle or machinery dangerous after consuming CBD products.20 Half a century of research has found no benefit to any cannabis products in ophthalmology. There may be interactions between CBD and immunosuppressive drugs used in transplants or chemotherapy and with warfarin as there may be the potentiation of anticoagulant effects with marijuana, including CBD. The potential for wide-ranging therapeutic action of CBD in central nervous system disorders extends from emerging evidence of its diversity of receptor targets, including those beyond the endocannabinoid (eCB) system. THC is the prominent psychoactive pCB of the plant and mediates the rewarding properties of cannabis (Huestis et al. 2001); CBD, in contrast, does not have reinforcing effects and has low abuse potential (Katsidoni et al. 2013, Parker et al. 2004). Finally, concerns regarding the psychoactive effects of cannabis and its potential impairment of learning and memory prompted many legal restrictions, obstructing academic research on the plant (Zuardi 2006, Hill et al. 2012). In particular, researchers may have had difficulty in achieving reliable therapeutic effects, as drug extracts were made from different strains of the plant and with varying methods of preparation (Fankhauser 2002). In states where a medical referral is needed to purchase medical cannabis, doctors write a recommendation that allows the patient to purchase products labeled “medical” in cannabis dispensaries, but dosage is not specified as it is for prescription drugs. Recent loosening of legal restrictions on cannabis and its chemical constituents, including phytocannabinoids such as Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), has led to rapid proliferation and wide availability of products containing CBD. There is no evidence that CBD products reduce chronic pain, and taking them is a waste of money and potentially harmful to health, according to new research led by the University of Bath. That makes it hard to know whether your medical treatment or therapy is helping.In chronic epilepsy studies in animals have been less optimistic, showing little to no effect on the seizure activity .The efficacy of CBD as a hypnotic was examined in one study with healthy individuals who reported difficulty falling or staying asleep.In states where a medical referral is needed to purchase medical cannabis, doctors write a recommendation that allows the patient to purchase products labeled “medical” in cannabis dispensaries, but dosage is not specified as it is for prescription drugs.Half a century of research has found no benefit to any cannabis products in ophthalmology.A form of CBD is used as a drug to treat seizures. Trying over-the-counter products without more stringent regulation carries more risk than reward. Plus, there’s a chance these effects won’t go away when the effects of the drug wear off. And if you ingest CBD with a certain amount of THC, you’re also subject to the side effects, including delusions and hallucinations. While the number of states that have legalized some form of marijuana — whether for medical or recreational use — has dramatically increased in recent years, cannabis containing THC remains illegal on a federal level. There’s evidence that CBD can offer some help to people who have anxiety or depression. People take it for all kinds of health issues, including pain and insomnia, without much hard science to show whether it works. The market for products containing cannabidiol, or CBD, has exploded in recent years. Federal regulation is also necessary to assure quality, safety, and efficacy of CBD products. The regulatory disconnect that surrounds CBD creates an odd situation in which the public can self-medicate using a potentially questionable product, while scientists face a struggle to perform high-quality clinical trials. In 2017, Bonn-Miller and his colleagues performed chemical analyses on 84 products purchased online from 31 companies, and found that only 31% were accurately labelled with regard to CBD content14. However, even products that make more modest claims could be problematic. Given the inconsistency in the OTC CBD product, there are no dosing recommendations available for each claimed condition and they are not prescribed like a FDA approved medication and there is no physician follow-up. The only form that is FDA approved CBD product that is considered a medication is the Epidiolex. Well-established treatments for OUDs are available and should be preferred and advertised. The use of CBD in these cases bears the risk of potentially developing a new addiction or dependence in the process of substituting one drug with another. The main risk of using CBD is that most CBD products are unregulated. Researchers are studying how CBD might benefit people with cancer, schizophrenia, cognitive impairment, quitting smoking, bipolar depression, and more. A few studies have shown improvements in psychosis symptoms, sleep disorders, and quality of life. In a small 2017 study, adults with ADHD who used a cannabis spray saw no difference in cognitive performance but had improvements in hyperactivity and impulsivity. Studies show mixed results for people who used low doses of CBD spray, applied under the tongue, to treat chronic pain. In another study, healthy adults were given oral CBD (100, 300, or 900 mg) before completing a slightly different public speaking task (the test of public speaking in a real situation, TPSRS) and subjective anxiety as well as physiological indices of anxiety (i.e., heart rate or blood pressure) were evaluated.In addition, they are not administered with any federally approved medical protocols as are prescription drugs and there may be no warnings for how they interact with other drugs, or whether they have dangerous side effects.3This type of data is not provided by the black-market CBD products.4One of the first questions to ask is, what is in my CBD product?Combs subsequently called Jane and recorded the conversation without her knowledge that was entered into evidence, in which he told her that they “did these things together” and that “this is when” he needed her “to be there.”The FDA is under intense pressure from the public, as well as lawmakers including Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, to come up with a solution.These gummies guarantee fast delivery to ensure it is absorbed much faster into the bloodstream for anybody searching for fast relief and action.While this product uses a host of medical benefits, it doesn't guarantee over night results.Legality does not mean products are subject to any specific quality control specifications and regulations, and consumers interested in CBD oil will need to do their own homework, or consult a trusted health care provider. Produced by the cannabis plant, CBD is the straitlaced cousin of marijuana’s more famous component — the THC that delivers a mind-swirling high. Its shelves were packed with tinctures, jars of salve, coffee beans, bath bombs — even beard oil. For example, a study of children with refractory epilepsy found that administration of Epidiolex® (5–25 mg/kg/day) in combination with clobazam (anti-seizure medication) elicited ~500% increase in plasma concentrations of the active metabolite of clobazam (norclobazam) . More specifically, administration of CBD in combination with drugs metabolized by certain CYP enzymes (e.g., CYP2C9, CYP2D6) may lead to delayed metabolism of these drugs. Specifically, CBD may inhibit metabolic activity for several cytochrome (CYP) P450 enzymes which are instrumental in the metabolism of many common prescription and OTC drugs. Relapse to drug use after a period of withdrawal is one of the greatest challenges in the treatment of addiction, and among all the classes of abused drugs, there are currently few effective pharmacotherapies (Potenza et al. 2011). Comorbidity among these disorders is highly prevalent, with as many as 30–40% of individuals suffering from drug addiction also meeting criteria for depression or an anxiety disorder (Conway et al. 2006). Reward deficits and consequent motivational dysfunction are shared among affective disorders such as depression and anxiety and are an inherent feature of drug addiction (Russo & Nestler 2013). Rather, accumulating evidence reveals that CBD has low binding affinity for the CB1 receptor (Bisogno et al. 2001, Jones et al. 2010, Pertwee 2008) and fails to elicit measurable activity in efficacy assays (Breivogel et al. 2001, Thomas et al. 2007), making CBD unlikely to convey the negative psychiatric side effects of rimonabant (McPartland et al. 2015). Self-administration of THC ( Justinova et al. 2008) and the positive subjective effects of smoked marijuana (Huestis et al. 2001) are blocked by administration of the CB1 receptor inverse agonist rimonabant, suggesting that the characteristic reinforcing or pleasurable effects of cannabis are mediated by the CB1 receptor. For example, CBD reversed anxiety generated by a high dose of THC (Zuardi et al. 1982) and by a public-speaking simulation in both patients with social phobia (Bergamaschi et al. 2011) and controls (Crippa et al. 2004, Zuardi et al. 1993). These results suggest that, although the therapeutic effects of CBD on nicotine reward are promising, additional work is crucially needed to outline its precise mechanism of action. Other work has demonstrated that inhibiting FAAH prevents nicotine seeking (Forget et al. 2009, Scherma et al. 2008), nicotine-induced dopamine release in the NAc (Scherma et al. 2008), and anxiety during nicotine withdrawal (Cippitelli et al. 2011) in animals. If you do use CBD, or marijuana, to manage depression or anxiety, it’s important to be honest with your doctor about it. That means the government can’t guarantee whether any given CBD product is safe, or even if it actually contains what the manufacturer says it does. Doctors aren’t exactly sure how CBD might improve anxiety and depression symptoms. Almost 2 dozen animal studies found CBD can have an antidepressant effect. But there have been even fewer studies focusing on depression specifically. The one CBD product on the market that is FDA approved for the treatment of childhood epilepsy forms Dravet and Lennox-Gastaut syndromes is available under the name Epidiolex. “We would text the drug dealer and then the drug dealer would come to either of the homes,” Paul—who also recalled being fired multiple times for varying offenses, including forgetting a Lululemon fanny pack—said of the process. Combs’ former assistant Brendan Paul—whom he employed from 2022 to 2024—testified that he had purchased drugs for his boss on multiple occasions, including “Marijuana, 2C, cocaine, ketamine, ecstasy.” "He is physical, he is a drug user, you may know of his love of baby oil. Is that a federal crime? No!" And while the prosecution and witnesses detailed baby oil’s use during the sex parties known as “freak offs” throughout the trial, Combs attorneys also addressed his affinity for the skincare product. The group pre-treated a gingiva tissue sample with CBD and looked at the change in mesenchymal stem cells, meaning that it could possibly be beneficial in the treatment of AD. CBD has some pharmacological characteristics that might point to be benefit in the treatment of AD. The number of available studies is very limited, and mostly there are individual case reports published 61, 65-67. In the study, 33 patients with schizophrenia were followed over a 4-week period and received either amisulpride or CBD. In studies using animal models for schizophrenia, CBD has shown to improve psychotic symptoms . CBD is not the same thing as medical marijuana. There is no “high” or other mind-altering effects from CBD. Unlike THC, CBD has no psychoactive effects. Now that many states have legalized recreational and medical use of marijuana products, including CBD, scientists are finding it easier to conduct research. There is moderate evidence that CBD can improve sleep disorders, fibromyalgia pain, muscle spasticity related to multiple sclerosis, and anxiety. Items containing CBD, or cannabidiol – the non-intoxicating compound derived from cannabis plants – are touted to stave off wrinkles, improve sleep, reduce anxiety, ease menstrual cramps, prevent hair loss and more. Mrs Poindexter Cbd Gummies Reviews And Warning Watch Before Buying To date, most of the work on the molecular targets of CBD has been done only in vitro, and future studies will need to examine their therapeutic relevance in vivo. Apart from its effects on the eCB system, CBD exhibits promiscuous pharmacological activity across a range of receptor targets (Table 1). Various in vivo effects of CBD are absent in CB1 receptor knockout mice (Wolf et al. 2010), suggesting that CBD may act as an indirect agonist. However, additional studies have demonstrated indirect CBD-mediated agonism and antagonism of the CB1 receptor (Table 1). In 2016, investigators tested 84 CBD products and found that only 31% were labeled correctly. You can also get arrested or fired from your job for possessing or ingesting certain CBD products. For example, consider that many of the products sold have little to no real CBD in them. Signals called endocannabinoids — similar to cannabis plant molecules — activate our CB1 and CB2 receptors. You can also add CBD oils to skin lotions and creams. CBD oils can also come in capsules that you swallow. With some CBD oils, you place a few drops under your tongue. One study found vaping CBD more damaging to the lungs and immune system than vaping nicotine. Several studies have evaluated the efficacy of CBD to produce clinical improvements in patients with schizophrenia. Laboratory studies should also consider systematically exploring the acute analgesic effects of CBD using standardized measures (e.g., quantitative sensory testing, QST). Without a proper control condition (i.e., placebo), it is difficult to determine the role that expectancy effects contributed to the observed reductions in pain in these open-label trials. CBD appears to have little influence on physiological responses to stress (e.g., cortisol, heart rate), though few studies have incorporated such outcomes and many have relied solely on subjective measures of anxiety. In another study, healthy volunteers ingested CBD (300, 600, or 900 mg) or placebo prior to being exposed to various visual stimuli, both positive and negative. In Canada, selling cannabis and its derivatives is legal, whereas the European Union authorizes the sale of CBD derived from hemp (low-THC varieties of cannabis) but not from marijuana (high-THC cannabis). This is one of several reasons why researchers caution against self-medication with CBD products targeted at consumers. But in many of the CBD trials conducted so far — particularly in the realm of antipsychotic drugs, which are known for their strong side effects — CBD has proved more tolerable than existing alternatives. For example, healthy volunteers (preselected for paranoid traits) were immersed in a virtual-reality session that increased salivary cortisol concentrations and elicited self-reported anxiety (measured by the Beck Anxiety Inventory, BAI). The same U-shaped dose-response curve was observed for post-speech subjective ratings of anxiety, but CBD did not have any appreciable effects on physiological indices of anxiety at any dose evaluated . Food and Drug Administration (FDA); this product is approved for the treatment of rare pediatric seizure disorders. The extensive roles of the endocannabinoid system may explain the vast applications of CBD, but that doesn’t mean it works for every medical issue. It still is not fully clear why existing treatments do work. In fact, even the entire contents of the product are not always fully known. If CBD oil is used under wise medical guidance and yields health benefits without causing harm or abuse, it can be approached as a stewardly decision. We do not suggest that there are no synergistic effects of CBD oil in other clinical settings. Second, the 2 studies examined different principal cannabinoids; here, we examined the effect around CBD oil and attendant additional phytochemicals, and the former study focused on THC. In the present study, we chose to avoid serum starvation because it less accurately reflects the human system and renders the cells more fragile and sensitive to drug treatment 33, 34, 35, 36. The objective of this study was to examine if CBD oils isolated from hemp (C. sativa) would be more potent in reducing cancer cell viability than pure CBD − thus supporting the concept of an “entourage” effect in this specific situation. CBD and other CBD or cannabis derived products should not be considered as dietary supplements as they contain pharmacologically active ingredients. The FDA explicitly writes on their webpage that these products are not FDA approved for the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of any disease and warns customers to beware purchasing or using any such products 37, 38. This bill defines hemp as the cannabis plant, any part of it including extracts and cannabinoids with a THC concentration of less than 0.3% dry weight. Until full implementation of the 2018 Farm Bill, the 2014 Farm Bill is the controlling law, meaning that only hemp-derived CBD products that comply with the cultivation of “industrial hemp” under a particular state’s pilot research program may be sold under federal law (USDA, 2019). Because CBD is extracted from a plant, it is also susceptible to sources of unintentional contamination that may occur with plant-based products, including the introduction of pesticides, heavy metals, and microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, fungus) (Dryburgh et al., 2018; Lenton, Frank, Barratt, Potter, & Decorte, 2018; Roberts, 2019). Residual solvent or its byproducts, including carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, are contaminants identified in CBD products that likely result from insufficient removal of the solvent extractor (Romano & Hazekamp, 2013; White, 2019). Even for products that do contain reliable quantities of CBD, however, concentrations may not be high enough to produce the desired pharmacological effects, especially with oral consumption (see discussion of bioavailability in previous section). These gummies are made from pure hemp extract and meet all the set industry standards.More studies need to be performed in human with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up periods.Until full implementation of the 2018 Farm Bill, the 2014 Farm Bill is the controlling law, meaning that only hemp-derived CBD products that comply with the cultivation of “industrial hemp” under a particular state’s pilot research program may be sold under federal law (USDA, 2019).In animal studies, CBD has been shown to reduce the rewarding effects of opioids and it also reduces the heroin-seeking behaviors.“CBD is one of the chemicals present in cannabis-containing plants,” explains Dr. Streem.Further experiments in rats failed to capture an antidepressant effect, but her team found that CBD-mediated modulation of 5-HT1A could relieve neuropathic pain in the animals.Also, another study by Ben showed that CBD was ineffective at 40 mg per day dose in the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain.What's more, the components are cold-pressed to guarantee the product still retains its remarkable restorative residential or commercial properties. To compare the efficacy of pure CBD compared to the most potent CBD oil preparation (Oil A), we performed dose effect experiments for each preparation based upon the CBD content. To confirm these results, we purchased a different lot of oil from each company and found no significant differences in the ability to reduce cancer cell viability between lots (data not shown). Interestingly, despite all the oils being diluted to the same CBD concentration, Oil A was consistently the most potent, while Oil C was always the least potent and never produced a statistically significant reduction in cell viability (Fig. 2). Selected CBD oils were effective at reducing viability in SW480 and HCT116 CRC cells (Fig. 2a), 1205Lu melanoma cells (Fig. 2b), and T98G GBM cells (Fig. 2c), but not effective against the melanoma cell line A375M (Fig. 2b) or the GBM cell line U87MG (Fig. 2c). There was again a cell-type specific effect of CBD oils to reduce cell viability observed in all 3 cancer types. However, despite these studies with small patient numbers, utilizing the pure form of CBD, there are also several case reports of CBD-induced anxiety symptoms as a toxic side effect from the substance. The results showed that CBD increases extinction learning which might play a role in therapeutic approaches for anxiety disorder treatment . A placebo-controlled study by Crippa et al showed a decrease in social anxiety symptoms but also sedation in a small group of 10 patients receiving CBD. CBD does produce side effects for some people, including nausea, fatigue, and irritability. People commonly report that oral CBD helps relieve anxiety and pain and can lead to better sleep. It is illegal for companies to make unsupported health or therapeutic claims about the products in their marketing. Medical cannabis is available in more delivery methods than ever before, such as gummy bears, dried flowers, pills, lotions, drops and a variety of edibles, but what exactly does it do? No content on this site, regardless of date, should ever be used as a substitute for direct medical advice from your doctor or other qualified clinician. For most adults, CBD appears to be a very safe product. Adverse events were often a secondary endpoint in the clinical trials and laboratory studies reviewed in this manuscript. There have generally been few randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of CBD for most indications discussed and, in many instances, the data available from clinical trials or human laboratory studies were mixed with regards to the effectiveness of CBD versus placebo. In this review, we highlighted findings from human laboratory studies and clinical trials supporting or refuting CBD as a potential therapeutic for various indications. In this trial, 27 healthy volunteers received either oral CBD (300 mg dissolved in corn oil) or placebo. Despite these early findings and data from two case reports in which CBD improved sleep quality in a single pediatric patient with PTSD and four patients with Parkinson’s disease 43, 44, we identified only one randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, study with sleep as the primary outcome measure. Since the Scriptures do not address CBD oil directly, believers are tasked with applying the Bible’s broader teachings on bodily stewardship, sobriety, freedom of conscience, and care for one’s neighbor. As believers weigh the use of any health-related substance, charity toward others with different convictions is important. Scripture recognizes that God uses various means, including natural elements, to bring about healing. The Bible frequently depicts the use of natural remedies or treatments. It's exactly word for word, drug-filled days and nights. “I feel like I am reading my own sexual trauma,” she wrote after Ventura’s lawsuit, in screenshots shown in evidence. In the texts, Jane wrote that Combs was threatening to post the footage, in which she said she was “heavily drugged.” She texted Khorram about the interaction, which was entered into evidence.