However, barriers to research with these cannabis products have not allowed a full assessment of risks, leaving a major gap in our ability to quantify the impact of these high potency products. It is unsurprising that the past 5 years have seen a call for increased monitoring of concentrate use worldwide, as well as research concerning methods of concentrate administration, motivations for use and short- and long-term effects and potential harms 10,14. Concentrates are projected to be one of the fastest growing categories of cannabis products nationally and globally, with sales estimated to reach between $13 and $15 billion annually in the next 2 years . If there are any pertinent changes, they are likely detrimental as the potency of cannabis has continually been increasing over the past several decades (ElSohly et al., 2016; Chandra et al., 2019; ElSohly et al., 2021). Thus, the frequency of products identified in our study in terms of THC and CBD concentrations encompasses the frequency of product sales describe by others (Smart et al., 2017; Davenport, 2021). However, our data matches the natural supply and demand dynamic of any commodity, for which cannabis is not an exception. We understand that our data show advertised products rather than consumer acquired products. This interaction accounts for its psychoactive outcomes while also offering therapeutic promise for conditions like chronic discomfort and nausea. Such receptors are critical in managing pain perception and inflammatory responses. These investigations indicate that these cannabinoids interact with the endocannabinoid system, which has an influence on a range of physiological processes. To completely comprehend the impact of CBD and THC and verify their effectiveness for various medical purposes, additional research along with clinical studies is crucial. Engaging with healthcare providers can aid in pinpointing which options will be most beneficial tailored to individual needs. Why do two compounds from the same plant, with nearly identical chemical makeup, create such wildly different experiences? It’s a handy cheat sheet for understanding how these two cannabinoids stack up on the factors that matter most. THC is all about producing psychoactive effects, while CBD is squarely focused on wellness and balance. Epidiolex® is an oral solution that contains 100 mg/mL CBD, and the underlying patent refers to CBD from both Cannabis plant extracts and synthesis as potential sources.It’s a straightforward way to support your body while keeping your career protected.CBD has been studied for its potential to alleviate anxiety, pain, inflammation, seizures, and other conditions, but more research is needed to fully understand its efficacy.Numerous preclinical and clinical studies have been conducted to explore their effects on various health conditions.It shows that illegal drugs have fostered violence and have had a negative effect on economic development.A new cannabis-containing drug – Sativex – has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of neuropathic pain in MS patients.Cannabinoids like CBN and CBD are a class of chemicals naturally produced by the cannabis plant.The activation of CB1 receptors by THC is what creates the psychoactive effects, but CBD has a low affinity for these receptors.Accordingly, as no relationships were detected between plant productivity (IDB or TCPP) and the quantities of specific cannabinoids (Figure 3), it is plausible that breeding for high-yielding plants may not be limited to a certain chemotypic composition. Natural Approaches to Supporting Balance For example, THC is an incredible pain reliever, but it can cause anxiety in some people. CBD is celebrated for its versatile therapeutic profile. It can actually block THC from binding perfectly to receptors, which is why taking CBD alongside THC can reduce the intensity of a high. Cannabidiol, or CBD, is often described as the non-psychoactive cousin of THC. . THC bioactivity: From humans to rodents and back The diverse array of cannabinoids in the cannabis plant contributes to its wide range of effects and potential medical benefits.The entourage effect is the result produced by the synergistic interaction of compounds such as cannabinoids, flavonoids, terpenes and fatty acids found in cannabis instead of one compound at a time.The ongoing research into cannabinoids continues to uncover new therapeutic potentials, paving the way for innovative treatments and improved quality of life.Laws and regulations are changing all the time on cannabis, marijuana, and CBD.It interacts with the body's endocannabinoid system (ECS), a complex network of receptors and molecules responsible for maintaining homeostasis in the body.Although clinical research between the simultaneous use of THC and CBD is still in its infancy, there are still MANY studies showing how the use of both in balanced proportions produces less anxiety in patients.Additionally, pure CBD products should not cause positive results in THC-related drug tests, though caution is warranted when using full-spectrum products that may contain trace amounts of THC.Using the 'war on drugs' in Colombia as its case study, this paper reflects on the recent findings and recommendations of Colombia's Truth Commission to make a case for a transformative approach to end ongoing cycles of drugs-related violence.Based on preclinical findings demonstrating sexual dimorphism of the eCS, it has been suggested that the increased rate of dependence and withdrawal severity observed in female cannabis users compared to male cannabis users may be due to differential desensitisation of CB1 or alterations in endocannabinoid tone . This distinction forms the basis for how these compounds are regulated, marketed, and used by consumers worldwide. It’s what makes you feel “high” when you smoke marijuana. “Broad spectrum” and “CBD isolate” products will not (or at least should not) contain THC. If looking for THC-free CBD products make sure keep an eye out for the words “Full spectrum”, “broad spectrum”, and “CBD isolate”. This involves a comprehensive evaluation process of new drugs prior to approval, which includes the analysis of clinical trial data to determine the balance between the benefits and risks of the drug. This implies that products containing CBD might not lead to a positive drug test if they are pure and devoid of THC. THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) is known for its psychoactive effects – it is responsible for the sensation of being 'high'. Research has highlighted their potential in treating conditions such as chronic pain, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis (MS), and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. To wrap it up, CBD and THC are different yet complementary compounds that can effectively support the functioning of your endocannabinoid system. Capturing the entire phytochemical profile of the plant allows the manufacturer to maximize the therapeutic value of the end product. By far, you’ve probably noticed that many of the health benefits of CBD and THC overlap despite some obvious differences in their properties. Conversely, another study found that oral administration of CBD does not serve to reduce the subjective or reinforcing effects of THC in smoked cannabis . Some controlled studies in humans suggest that CBD may attenuate the acute negative effects of THC on affect, intoxication and cognition 162–165, and may also attenuate the subjective effects of THC 166,167. Greater THC exposure, tolerance and CUD have been observed in concentrate users, but few studies have evaluated these processes under controlled conditions and while carefully matching for frequency of cannabis use. 3. Cannabinoid Quantification Early experiments, mostly on lab animals but some in small numbers of people, suggest that CBD might fight anxiety, ease schizophrenia symptoms and address pain. For some of Thiele’s patients, CBD seems to still be effective after five years of taking the drug, even allowing them to taper off some of their other medications, she says. One, called TRPV1, is known to play a role in pain sensation and maybe epilepsy, too. Instead, studies in rats and mice point to two different targets. It turns out, however, that CBD doesn’t seem to hit either of those receptors. Clearly, the therapeutic potential of CBD is only starting to be revealed and preclinical studies are poised to help identify new medical indications. However, considering THC’s side effects, few studies followed up on the therapeutic efficacy of THC as an antiepileptic drug, and the field moved to targeting the eCB signaling and the allosteric site of CB1R205,206. B] Phytocannabinoids THC and CBD (green) produced by the plant, C] THC metabolites 11-OH-THC and THC-COOH (blue) produced by P450 enzymes expressed in liver and brain and D] artificial cannabinoids, CP55940 and JWH-018 (active ingredient in the illegal market product, “Spice”) (red). An important concept in cannabis medicine is the "entourage effect"—the theory that THC and CBD may be more effective when working together than in isolation. It's non-psychoactive—meaning it won't get you "high" or impair your daily activities like THC does. CBD may help with anxiety, inflammation, and sleep, whilst the use of THC is primarily reserved for severe medical conditions. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. The current thriving and innovative field of Cannabis and cannabinoid research is reversing this trajectory. The atoms most commonly found in 6-membered ring compounds are carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. Organic compounds that contain 6-membered rings exceedingly common, both in nature and synthetically. Guido F. Pauli is a pharmacist with a doctoral degree in natural products chemistry and pharmacognosy. While THC isn’t fully legal in many places, CBD remains in the grey area of the law. In most countries the possession of it is criminalized, while others don’t allow it to be used recreationally, only providing the medical use. While more and more states and countries are becoming more liberal when it comes to THC, it still isn’t legal in the larger part of the world. As you might already know, one of their usage is usually highly restricted, or only allowed for medical purposes. The difference is that only a cannabaceae plant that has lower than 0,3% THC concentration is considered hemp. THC, CBD, and Cancer: Exploring the Role of Cannabis in Cancer Pain Treatment CBD is talked about inside and outside cannabis-advocate circles for the variety of health issues it eases. As we covered above, there are non-psychoactive compounds in CBD. CB1 receptors are found mostly in the brain and play an important role in feeling pain, sleep, appetite, memory, mood, and more. In the endocannabinoid system, CB1 and CB2 are the most important cannabinoid receptors. But while there is a lack of concrete and conclusive evidence about CBD’s effects, there is considerable hope. There is also preliminary human data from small clinical trials with dozens of subjects that suggests CBD may have the potential to be used for conditions like anxiety, schizophrenia, opioid addiction, and Parkinson’s disease. The strongest evidence we have is that CBD can reduce the frequency of seizures in certain rare pediatric disorders — so much that a CBD-based drug called Epidiolex was FDA-approved in 2018 for this purpose. In some early research, they’ve even shown the ability to inhibit the growth of cancer cells, but years of rigorous studies need to be conducted before we’ll know whether they have the same impact on humans. THC is intoxicating and responsible for the “high” of cannabis, but CBD has no such effect. They are primarily produced in the glandular trichomes, which appear as tiny hair-like outgrowths on the surface of medical marijuana. No longer is the conversation focused solely on THC and CBD, the most renowned cannabinoids. Understanding these differences is crucial for anyone considering using cannabis products for medicinal or recreational purposes. Best Topical Creams for Seasonal Arthritis Pain If you are in the market for cannabinoid extraction systems for commercial purposes, be sure to check out our bio-extraction equipment at Root Sciences. For example, CBD has been examined for its potential to regulate anxiety and induce a sense of calm. CBD seems to be psychoactive as well but in a totally different way. CBD and THC bind to different receptors and that’s why they have very different effects on the human body. When your body absorbs these cannabinoids, they impact your central nervous system by releasing neurotransmitters in your brain. While CB1 and CB2 receptors are the most commonly recognized receptors for CBD, THC and other cannabinoids, others, like g protein-coupled receptors have started coming to light. Most of all, we need to be smart consumers who can find the true benefits amidst the complexity of political agendas and marketing claims that seem to accompany all things related to cannabis.THC’s side effects can include red eyes, dry mouth, impaired memory, slowed reaction time, increased heart rate, and occasionally anxiety or paranoia (especially in high doses or in people new to it).Therefore, it does not get you high and does not seem to have any psychoactive effects.This knowledge aids in educated decision-making about utilizing these cannabinoids.That’s not to say people who use CBD never feel any effects.There is no evidence that marijuana treats conditions themselves, simply the symptoms.THC may provide superior benefits for some specific conditions in some individuals, though these benefits must be weighed against intoxication, impairment, legal restrictions, and safety concerns limiting accessibility and appropriate use contexts.Both single-molecule THC and whole plant extract showed antitumor effects when the experiment was replicated in mice. A high quantity of CBD can be found both in hemp and cannabis. We’ve already talked briefly about the plant in this CBD vs THC guide. It’s the part of cannabis that’s responsible for the high feeling people get after smoking or consuming weed. If you’re among the many people who struggle with anxiety, you should definitely try out some of the best CBD products. You accept all risks of using or possessing these products when you purchase the product or products. Do not vape or smoke any products if you have any lung-related issues. It should not be used if you are pregnant, nursing, or have any diagnosed or undiagnosed health issues, any existing mental issues, or any family history of mental illness. While they both offer relief from conditions like pain and insomnia, their side effects are entirely different.Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-intoxicating component of the cannabis plant, has generated significant interest among scientists and physicians in recent years—but how CBD exerts its therapeutic impact on a molecular level is still being sorted out.They play a significant role in memory, sleep, mood, appetite, pain sensation, and more.At CBD Armour, all our products derive exclusively from legally compliant hemp containing less than 0.3 percent THC, ensuring full legal compliance while providing access to CBD therapeutic benefits without intoxication or legal risks.It’s also the active ingredient in Epidiolex, the first medication made from a marijuana ingredient approved by the FDA to treat epilepsy.Using CBD products within the context of a regulated cannabis program is a safer option because of mandatory testing for potency and contaminants.It also interacts with other receptors such as serotonin, vanilloid, GPR55 and PPARs. The legality of both differs based on various factors, including the country, state, and local laws. In summary, THC is psychoactive and can alter your state of mind, while CBD is not psychoactive and does not produce a “high” sensation. However, they have different effects on our bodies, including psychoactivity. This makes it great for treating pain, one of the most commonly recommended uses for THC. Some studies have shown that CBD can stop the spread of cancer cells and in some cases, shrink tumors. THC receptors, on the other hand, are concentrated in the brain. Sometimes your system becomes imbalanced and then you need the extra help that cannabinoids can provide. That is due to many health benefits that THC is said to provide and the high that many people find enjoyable. It’s becoming legal medically or recreationally in more and more places. CBD is a non-psychoactive compound expressed in the Cannabis plant, which has a low affinity for CB1, and is thought to exert a number of potentially beneficial actions throughout the central nervous system and periphery .The differences are pretty significant, especially given that THC and CBD are both ingredients of the same plant.Hemp-derived products can contain trace THC in addition to CBD, which could produce a positive result even without intentional THC consumption.We’ll cover a selection of the effects of CBD and THC here.CBD (or cannabidiol) comes from the cannabis (or marijuana) plant.CBD is best known for its anti-anxiety and anticonvulsant uses, earning the first FDA approval of any naturally-derived cannabinoid.Both THC and CBD bind with cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 of endocannabinoids in the body.A common therapeutic strategy seems to be administering consistent and measurable doses of CBD, with as much THC a person is comfortable with. Thus, inhibition of this transporter by CBD blocks adenosine reuptake by neurons and glia increases local adenosine levels and its ensuing activity at its receptors, A2a. CBD, acting through transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1), is anxiolytic in rats, and analgesic in a rat model of acute inflammation (Figure 8)252,253. CBD acts as a negative allosteric modulate at mu- and delta-opioid receptors, though this effect occurs at 30–100 μM244. In vitro experiments suggest that CBD antagonizes 5-HT1A receptors; but only when reaching 100 μM, a surprising result considering that some of CBD’s bioactivity is mediated through this GPCR in vivo (see below)242. GPR55 Orphan Receptors This means that they’re plant-based cannabinoids, or active ingredients in the cannabis plant. Understanding these cannabinoids and their impacts on our bodies opens doors to revolutionary developments in medical and recreational cannabis. Beyond their therapeutic applications, cannabinoids play a significant role in recreational cannabis use. As research into marijuana use progresses, the range of possible therapeutic applications of cannabinoids continues to broaden, promising a new wave of treatment options. The discovery of the endocannabinoid system sparked interest in developing synthetic cannabinoids—man-made compounds designed to interact with the same system as plant-derived cannabinoids. It has been well-established that although the prevalence of cannabis use is lower among females, female users experience a faster rate of development of cannabis dependence as compared to males , a finding has come to be known as the ‘telescoping effect’. Males report greater prevalence of cannabis use generally and concentrate use specifically compared to females 5,130–132, although the sex gap has narrowed in recent years . Recent high profile reviews have concluded that there is sufficient evidence for an association between dose-dependent cannabis use and psychosis, but insufficient evidence supporting causality 125,126. Some existing literature has provided evidence supporting a relationship between cannabis use and psychosis, particularly among high-potency users 116–124. Recent research suggests that the risk for conversion from occasional to frequent cannabis use among adolescents is greatest among concentrate users . CBD Enhances Glucose Metabolism via Nuclear Receptors Whether it’s to help manage anxiety, improve sleep quality, or ease inflammation and pain, CBD has gained a reputation as the gentle, safe cannabinoid. So let’s start with the basics and understand cannabinoids. It’s essential to be aware of local laws and regulations before purchasing or using cannabis-derived products. Both CBD and THC interact with the body’s endocannabinoid system, but they influence it in different ways. THC is the primary psychoactive component of cannabis, responsible for the “high” sensation. Plan Colombia is the foundation for implementation of a broad range of programs addressing security, drug production and trafficking, the peace process, social development, economic development and democratization. The influence of drug trafficking extends throughout South America and the Caribbean into the United States and Europe. The regional debate in Latin America is then introduced—with a focus on the United Nations General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS) on drugs of April 2016. It then examines some of the objectives, methods and consequences of the US-designed and -funded ‘war on drugs’ in Latin America and the Caribbean. A regional debate has emerged, focused on the failure of present policies to achieve their desired objectives and the high cost of implementing supply reduction efforts, in terms of drugs- fuelled violence, corruption and institutional instability. Two other drugs that the FDA has approved — Dronabinol and nabilone — are effective against nausea caused by chemotherapy treatments. The insights gleaned from such studies will aid in refining dosing guidelines while pinpointing any possible hazards, thereby facilitating secure yet efficacious medicinal application. The safety considerations of CBD and THC play a vital role in their medical applications. Such multifaceted interactions are part of what contributes to their extensive array of possible medicinal benefits. Conversely, CBD primarily targets CB2 receptors situated within the immune system. The existing data on THC binding to cannabinoid receptors have largely been conducted in animal models and in the context of lower potency cannabis. Although THC likely exerts the majority of its psychoactive effects through its actions at CB1, THC also acts as a partial agonist at CB2 receptors. In addition, there are potential pulmonary risks of inhaling oil-based and extracted cannabis products that may contain even trace amounts of containments. Vaporiser technologies attempt to reduce the respiratory risks of inhalation through processes that heat the entire plant without igniting it, and thus release cannabinoid in a vapor containing fewer combustion by-products. Finally, based on our overall interpretation of the extent literature, the authors propose specific research areas of greatest need and promise for future directions in cannabis concentrate research. All papers identified as potentially relevant to concentrates were added to the Mendeley shared library and coded with the tag ‘concentrate’. Over the last several decades, the potency of THC in recreational cannabis has increased substantially in the USA and worldwide 2–4. Future research is needed to explore chronic, acute and developmental effects of concentrates, as well as effects on pulmonary function. Instead, CBD interacts with other receptors, such as serotonin and vanilloid receptors, which may contribute to its potential therapeutic benefits. Some of the areas where CBD has been studied for its potential effects include pain management, anxiety and stress reduction, anti-inflammatory properties, and even as an adjunct therapy for certain medical conditions. Another reason is that other cannabinoids such as CBD work to counteract common THC effects that many medical patients don’t want (the intense high, anxiety, or increased heart rate). CBD vs. THC: The Difference Between The Two Cannabinoids When your body maintains heightened inflammatory responses over extended periods, it may affect sleep quality, mood balance, and general vitality. The inflammatory process also involves the release of various compounds that help coordinate the entire response, ensuring that each step occurs in proper sequence. These visible changes reflect your body’s remarkable ability to mobilise resources and create optimal conditions for restoration. To ensure therapeutic objectives are met when utilizing various cannabis derivatives, it’s crucial to comprehend their unique properties and impacts. Determining the ideal choice hinges on personal health goals and tastes along with consideration for any specific medical issues that are being addressed. Navigating the selection of an appropriate cannabis product requires careful examination of factors like the THC/CBD balance, your preferred method of intake, and seeking advice from medical experts. Various cannabis product types including edibles, tinctures, and concentrates offer users differing timescales for onset of effects as well as varying durations. This expeditious effect onset contributes to its popularity among those using cannabis for both therapeutic purposes and recreational enjoyment. Of note, CB1R expression is both upregulated and involved in the development of rodent models of seizures, suggesting increased therapeutic efficacy when selectively targeting this mechanism. Mechanistically, oral THC (≈ 3 mg/kg) reduces neuropathic pain in mouse injury via a CB1R and through CB2R in the mouse model of chemotherapy-induced neuropathy without the development of tolerance20,83,185. Furthermore, the opioid-sparing effects and antinociceptive synergy with nonopioid analgesics have been described in detail, and co-administration of heroin and THC (50 mg/ml) by inhalation produces additive effects on thermal nociception in rats180,183,184. The antinociceptive efficacy of THC in rodent models of both pathological and injury-related persistent pain are well established; in addition, the expression pattern of most of its targets in pain pathways have been precisely mapped. In recent years, the world of cannabis and its derivatives has undergone a significant transformation. From getting the ideal high to treating a specific medical condition, it’s not enough to ingest any old strain. Determining what ratio works best is tricky, as each person’s brain reacts differently to the chemicals in cannabis. Scientific studies have been confirming much of the anecdotal evidence from patients. Always consult with a healthcare provider for treatment options. Importantly, CBD can interact with other medications, so it's crucial to consult with a healthcare provider before beginning its use. CBD is generally well-tolerated, with potential side effects including dry mouth, reduced appetite, drowsiness, and fatigue. However, if you take hemp-derived CBD oil, you don’t need to worry about getting high because such products contain 0.3% THC or less. American Marijuana doesn’t offer medical advice and the content accessed on this site is not intended for medical advice, diagnosis, or treatments, and has not been evaluated by the FDA. He’s also written third-party lab test reports of CBD products and knows the industry inside and out. Gleb Oleinik is a freelance writer from Vancouver, Canada with a passion for educating people about CBD and cannabis. Research has shown that these compounds work in synergy, which is commonly referred to as the entourage effect. The literature is also limited in that it may either under or over-estimate the effects users experience in the real world in relation to concentrates. Some evidence suggests that the greater potency of today’s cannabis, compared to earlier decades, may lead to significantly greater levels of intoxication and harm . It is presently unclear whether the behavioural differences produced by sexual dimorphism within the eCS are exacerbated by high potency cannabis. This, combined with the misrepresentation of CBD as a non-psychoactive cannabinoid, tends to make people believe that THC is questionable. While more research needs to be conducted, some research shows that CBD generally has a better safety profile than other cannabinoids, including THC. This is how using CBD and other compounds found in cannabis may come into the picture. Just like any other body system, endocannabinoid system dysfunction can be the result of dietary choices, lifestyle factors and other issues. CBD works on the central nervous system, and it modulates several non-cannabinoid receptors and TRPV1. THC has neuroprotective properties, and its positive effects are mostly attributed to mental health. Some marijuana strains produce more cerebral effects, while others ensure more of a physical high. The effects of THC, on the other hand, depend on the cannabinoid profile of the product, as well as its terpene content and ratios. Beyond pain and anxiety, cannabinoids are being studied for Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, and even PTSD. Tailoring THC and CBD formulations to individual genetics could maximize therapeutic benefits while minimizing side effects. Medical marijuana programs are growing worldwide, allowing more patients access to prescription cannabis products. The U.S., Canada, and parts of Europe are seeing a rise in government-backed studies, expanding our understanding of cannabinoids. AI-driven models help identify ideal cannabinoid ratios for specific conditions, predict plant growth patterns, and accelerate drug discovery. Therefore, endocannabinoids are synthesized and released “on demand” through the cleavage of membrane phospholipid precursors. The cannabis plant has many species, but the three main species are C. In 1839, he published the work “On the Preparations of the Indian Hemp or Gunjah,” which described various successful human experiments using cannabis preparations mainly for muscular spasms from tetanus and rabies and also for rheumatism and convulsions.5,6 In the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries, more than 100 scientific articles on the therapeutic value of cannabis were published in Europe and the United States.4 His teachings were passed down in writing in Shen Nung Pen-ts’ao Ching, a second-century Chinese book of herbal remedies.1 Cannabis was used for medical conditions ranging from menstruation to absentmindedness and eventually for more than 100 ailments.2 The Chinese mainly used the seeds of cannabis for medicinal purposes.3,4 Cannabis was also widely used in India, Persia, and Assyria. While thermoanalytical (DSC, TGA) purity assays for CBD are unavailable in the literature, they have recently been introduced for cocrystal forms of CBD.25 Extraction methods or synthetic methodologies used in the preparation of CBD products have a significant impact on what constitutes the final preparation labeled with/as “CBD”. Accordingly, when working with Cannabis and related materials, it would be naive to assume that chromatographic peaks arise from pure compounds. When choosing a method of chemical separation of the cannabinoid metabolome, the occurrence of homologous alkyl and prenyl sidechains, single- vs. double cyclized monoterpene rings, and presence vs. absence of pyran/chromene rings (Figure 1) present a chromatographic challenge. Are prolific producers of terpenes and terpenoids, a phenomenon that can also be observed in other plants such as Eucalyptus sp. The cannabinoid can also improve your focus and elevate your mood if you take it in doses that produce mild intoxication or keep you on the verge of it. Medical researchers have started to investigate these effects concerning Alzheimer’s disease prevention and treatment. Studies suggest that THC can produce the same neuroprotective effects. Moreover, some researchers claim that CBD can also support healthy sleep cycles. The pharmacokinetics, which include how these substances are absorbed and ultimately made available to the body, differ based on how they’re administered. When contemplating the utilization of CBD and THC, recognizing the key factors in selecting appropriate products and guaranteeing their safe use is crucial. Seeking advice from medical professionals can be beneficial in choosing an apt route of administration as well as appropriate dosing considerations. Gaining insight into how THC operates pharmaceutically is crucial when looking at enhancing its medicinal benefits while reducing any adverse reactions that may arise. While the lower confirmatory cutoff reduces false positives, even confirmed positive results at these levels can create employment problems, disqualification from athletic competition, legal complications, or loss of custody rights depending on specific circumstances and policies. Standard drug test cutoff levels include 50 ng/ml THC-COOH for initial immunoassay screening and 15 ng/ml for confirmatory GC-MS testing following positive screens. Standard workplace drug tests screen for THC metabolites, specifically THC-COOH, using urine samples and immunoassay methods. That could be in relieving pain, or relief and alleviation of some cancer-related symptoms. CBD benefits that are often reported by patients are regularly focused around “relief”. If you want to get your hands on medicinal cannabis, you need to speak with a registered and authorised practitioner, and approvals are handled on a case-by-case basis. At the federal level, the cannabis plant is legal only if the THC content does not exceed 0.3 percent. By 2020, cannabis has been legalized for medical use in at least 35 states and the District of Columbia. Low-dose CBD (less than 150 mg/day) that appears effective for chronic pain and mental health conditions has a good tolerability and safety, with few adverse effects (Di Bartolomeo et al. 2021; Iffland and Grotenhermen 2017; Stark et al. 2021). The first clinical evidence that CBD was anxiolytic were studies demonstrating that CBD attenuated the anxiogenic effects of THC in healthy volunteers (Karniol et al. 1974; Zuardi et al. 1982). Cannabinol (CBN), produced when THC degrades, shows promise as a potent sedative and potential aid for sleep disorders. They also aid in stress resilience, helping the plant adapt to environmental stressors like UV radiation, heat, and drought. A new study from Georgia State University reveals that marijuana users may face a 3.42… CBD and THC have similar chemical structures, but their effects on the body are quite distinct. A CBD-rich product with little THC can convey therapeutic benefits without having a euphoric or dysphoric effect. Cannabidiol, it turns out, has a strong affinity for three kinds of FABPs, and CBD competes with our endocannabinoids, which are fatty acids, for the same transport molecules. TRPV1 is known to mediate pain perception, inflammation and body temperature. CBDA Cannabidiolic acid, the raw, unheated version of CBD that is present in the cannabis plant, also has a strong affinity for the 5-HT1A receptor (even more so than CBD). The legal landscape surrounding CBD and THC is complex and varies from country to country and even within different states or regions. These side effects may include impaired memory and cognitive function, increased heart rate, anxiety, and paranoia. THC, on the other hand, can produce more pronounced side effects, especially when consumed in high doses. These side effects may include drowsiness, dry mouth, changes in appetite, and diarrhea. Additional ailments alleviated also include insomnia, chronic pain and muscle spasms, autism, cancer, fibromyalgia and skin diseases, to name a few. A common therapeutic strategy seems to be administering consistent and measurable doses of CBD, with as much THC a person is comfortable with. But not only this, CBD also shows to enhance THC’s painkilling and anticancer properties, where together, they also show to stimulate neurogenesis, the creation of new cells in the nervous system, among others. CBD has several mechanisms of action, including acting upon the CB1 and CB2 receptors indirectly. It is being evaluated as a potential treatment option for conditions such as schizophrenia. You’ll sometimes see products that call out CBG, CBN, or THCV. Evidence also supports that a combination of THC and CBD may be most beneficial for pain management.THC and/or CBD can impair, motor skills, and cause sedation; and care needs to be taken with medications with similar effects, such as opioids and benzodiazepines (Brown 2020; Lucas et al. 2018).When choosing a method of chemical separation of the cannabinoid metabolome, the occurrence of homologous alkyl and prenyl sidechains, single- vs. double cyclized monoterpene rings, and presence vs. absence of pyran/chromene rings (Figure 1) present a chromatographic challenge.This harmonization allows patients to experience the therapeutic qualities of THC while minimizing its potential adverse reactions.Keep in mind that cannabinoids affect individuals differently.CBD also comes from the flowering heads of the hemp plant.This gentle approach to receptor interaction may explain why many people find CBD supportive for their wellness routines without experiencing unwanted effects. Understanding these fundamental differences proves essential for making informed decisions about cannabis-derived products. In stark contrast, CBD is non-intoxicating and does not produce psychoactive effects or impairment even at very high doses. THC is the primary psychoactive compound in marijuana responsible for the characteristic “high” including euphoria, altered perception, and cognitive changes. This subtle structural difference profoundly affects how each compound interacts with the endocannabinoid system and produces effects. But the Farm Bill of 2018 changed the definition of hemp to mean any cannabis plant with a THC level below 0.3 percent. Traditionally, hemp plants were sativa varieties of cannabis that grew tall for fiber production. There are two main sub-species of cannabis plants, Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica. Injection of THC (2.5 and 5 mg) produces a broad range of transient symptoms and cognitive deficits in healthy individuals that resemble some aspects of endogenous psychoses136,151. For example, while THC (1 mg/kg) increases food consumption and locomotion and has anxiolytic effects, higher dose THC (5 mg/kg) reduces locomotion and produces anxiogenic and aversive effects24,111,113. Thus, rodent studies point to CB1R expressed by the cortico-striatal pathway as playing a prominent role in the control of spontaneous locomotion and motor coordination and show that THC impairs this mechanism. Accordingly, both simulated and real driving studies that performed a double-blind, placebo-controlled testing of THC administration (20 mg in a cigarette) show significant reduction in driving stability as measured by inappropriate line crossings91,92. Significantly, rats and mice can reliably discriminate between vehicle and THC injections through a CB1R-dependent mechanism (e.g., i.p. injections of THC (10 mg/kg) versus vehicle injection in a 2-lever drug discrimination test for sucrose reward)85. This includes examining how they are absorbed, distributed throughout the body, metabolized, and eventually excreted—a process which determines both their potential therapeutic effects and safety profiles. Following a landmark 2020 decision, cannabis was removed from Schedule IV of the 1961 Convention, acknowledging its potential therapeutic benefits. The use of medical marijuana is often regulated by local laws and requires a recommendation or prescription from a healthcare professional. If someone is anticipating a future drug test, that person should be careful. The only real solution to this problem is to change the drug-testing laws in America. There is a new drug test available that analyzes the ratio of CBD-to-THC. Furthermore, the low amounts of THC in full spectrum CBD oils can build up in a person's system over time, which can show up positive on a drug test. While cannabis is generally considered safe, both CBD and THC can cause side effects. To access these dispensary-grade products, you will need your medical card. If you are a medical patient, we strongly recommend purchasing your CBD products from a licensed dispensary. The legal distinction between CBD and THC can be confusing because it often comes down to the source of the plant. Unlike THC, CBD does not bind directly to the main cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2). One huge thing to consider is drug testing. Let’s look at the two main reasons people turn to cannabis. Even though it’s illegal federally, many states have decided to go their own way, creating a patchwork of laws. The legal situation for THC is far more complicated and changes dramatically from one state to the next. But “federally legal” doesn’t mean it’s a total free-for-all. To date, only Canada and Uruguay have legalized marijuana in the entire spectrum. Long story short, your CBD products are legal as long as they contain 0.3% of THC or less. However, it can also reduce pain, increase appetite, assist people with insomnia, and reduce cancer cells throughout the body. Rodent studies provided an initial mechanistic understanding of the anti-seizure qualities of CBD. Thus, Combination Therapy treatments using CBD and low dose clobazam represents a promising approach to control seizures while reducing the side effects linked to clobazam231,273–276. Specifically, a multinational, randomized, double-blind trial of adjunctive CBD (300 mg/kg, oral) versus placebo showed significant reduction in seizures in adolescent patients with Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and caused only mild side-effects240,272. The growing acceptance of cannabinoids is reflected in the increasing number of states that have legalized medical marijuana. Cannabinoids are compounds that engage with our body’s cannabinoid receptors, effectively simulating the action of naturally occurring endogenous cannabinoids within us. The cannabis plant, also known as Cannabis sativa, is a complex species that contains over 100 different compounds known as cannabinoids. Your body even makes its own similar compounds (endocannabinoids), and they interact with a unique system in your body that maintains a certain level of homeostasis (mood, appetite, pain experience, etc.). For those seeking the potential benefits of the entourage effect without THC's psychoactive properties, broad-spectrum cannabis products offer a middle ground. CBD is often legal if derived from hemp, while THC legality depends on the jurisdiction. By considering the differences and potential implications of CBD and THC, individuals can make choices that align with their well-being and personal preferences. Legal considerations may further complicate the choice, as CBD’s legality is often more widespread compared to THC. However, these properties can also lead to unwanted psychological and physical side effects. Conversely, THC’s psychoactive properties are the cornerstone of its recreational appeal. However, due to its psychoactive effects, drug tests only check for THC and not CBD. Traces of cannabinoids such as THC and CBD are stored in fat tissue in the body. The major difference is that the psychoactive effects that occur when using THC do not happen when consuming CBD products. CBD oil and other CBD products produce no psychoactive effects meaning you will not get “high” from CBD. CBD has been hailed by some users as having cured their pain, anxiety, insomnia, depression or seizures, and it’s been touted by advertisers as a supplement that can treat all of the above and combat aging and chronic disease.Quality CBD products undergo rigorous testing and meet strict standards that ensure both safety and consistency in every bottle.A result of selective breeding, marijuana strains today contain about 10 to 15 percent THC.There are several approaches to producing concentrates, usually involving solvent-based or so-called solventless extraction to isolate THC from raw cannabis .With their ability to interact with the endocannabinoid system, cannabinoids have shown promise in managing various health conditions.It's important to remember that while both THC and CBD have potential therapeutic benefits, they are not suitable for everyone.Is one better for pain while the other is better for anxiety? Current cannabinoid research indicates that while CBD and CBN may both provide some aid for sleeping, it appears that when comparing the difference between CBN vs CBD, CBN tends to be a better sleep aid. Similarly, the FDA still does not allow companies to explicitly market CBD or CBD products as a dietary supplement. However, it's also important to note that the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has technically not approved CBD as a drug, wellness product, or food and beverage additive. As a result, it's now relatively easy to find hemp-based CBD products on retail shelves across the country. Many consumers turn to CBD for its reported anti-pain, anti-inflammatory, and anti-anxiety properties. These very small amounts of THC will not leave you feeling “high” or intoxicated, but will work with CBD and other cannabinoid compounds in the product to have greater beneficial effects. Receptors react to cannabis compounds and produce a specific effect, which can benefit many body parts and bodily processes. We have what’s called “endogenous cannabinoids,” which are neurotransmitters, or chemical messengers, that bind to cannabinoid receptors. Plus, additional receptors for cannabinoids are being explored extensively. In fact, all cannabinoids are psychoactive, in different ways and to different degrees. The best time so save has come - grab this limited 20% discount promo code and save big on the most trending Charlotte's Web products NOW! If you’re looking for CBD products, we’re here to help your searching. It has great health properties and doesn’t affect your ability to concentrate, nor makes you impaired as THC does. CBD treats similar ailments such as pain, anxiety, nausea and it also helps with regulating sleep. This legal accessibility removes barriers allowing people to try CBD without legal risks or need for medical authorizations. Explore our comprehensive CBD oil benefits guide to understand the full range of conditions potentially helped by CBD supplementation without intoxication. Research shows CBD reduces THC-induced anxiety, paranoia, and cognitive impairment through its modulating effects on CB1 receptors and other mechanisms. These practical limitations restrict when and where THC-containing products can be safely and legally used, significantly limiting accessibility for many individuals compared to non-intoxicating alternatives. Numerous studies demonstrate that marijuana intoxication impairs reaction time, judgment, coordination, and divided attention tasks, increasing accident risks. As the psychoactive component of cannabis, THC is a mind-altering chemical, but it can also impact your mood and memory. Medicinal cannabis products aren’t subsidised through the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS), so your Medicare card, if you have one, won’t help. The exception here is the ACT, where residents over the age of 18 are able to possess up to 50 grams of dried cannabis or 150 grams of fresh cannabis, grow up to two plants per person, and use cannabis at home. The primary psychoactive component of cannabis, THC is what gets you there and keeps you there. When you think “medical marijuana” or any of the terminology along those lines, CBD is probably the component on your mind. There are several other examples where a combination of plant cannabinoids and standard chemotherapy agents have produced a heightened antitumoral response that exceeded the potency of either therapy alone. Additionally, both THC and the whole plant extract amplified the anticancer effects of lapatinib, the standard chemotherapy drug for HER2 breast cancer. These artisanal cannabis oil preparations are available in licensed dispensaries in states where medical cannabis is legal and elsewhere via the unregulated black market. Less well known is the fact that extensive preclinical research shows that plant cannabinoids — most notably, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) – produce antitumor responses in various animal models of cancer. Whether it’s chronic pain, anxiety, or other medical conditions, our team of experts is here to help relieve your symptoms with the power of medical cannabis. If approved, the patient can then legally purchase and use cannabis products, which may contain varying ratios of THC and CBD depending on the specific condition being treated. However, to legally access medical marijuana, individuals often need to obtain a marijuana card or equivalent documentation, depending on their jurisdiction. Molecular imaging technologies now enable the visualization of targets engaged by phyto-CBs, including PET ligands that target and image CB1R in vivo and can be leveraged to study CB1R pharmacological interaction with other psychoactive drugs, such as nicotine and alcohol325,326. Key results, gathered in well-controlled human studies and validated in preclinical model systems, have set the stage for the optimization and development of novel, phyto-CB-based therapeutics for a broad array of devastating neurological and psychiatric diseases. We have started to outline the pharmacological interactions between THC and other psychoactive drugs, such as opioids, but we still lack research on CBD’s pharmacological interactions. For example, what is the bioactivity of JWH-018, a high-affinity and full agonist at CB1R, often infused in illegal products such as Spice and K2, that can be abused176,319? First, we need more, large, placebo-controlled studies to solidify the therapeutic properties of both THC and CBD, as well as for the interaction of their bioactivities using several ratios and for clinical indications suggested by preclinical studies. Some people believe that CBD reduces or eliminates THC's psychoactive effect, while others say that it has no effect at all. CBD oil is used to treat medical conditions such as epilepsy, while THC oil is used to get high. It's important to consult with a doctor before taking THC if you are pregnant, breastfeeding, have a history of mental health issues, or are taking other medications. Some people may experience anxiety or paranoia, while others may feel sleepy or dizzy.THC can also interact with other medications a person is taking, which can lead to adverse effects. However, the risks of CBD seem to be low and it may have some benefits. Any mention of products or company names is solely for informative purposes and does not imply endorsement. By raising awareness about these practices, we hope to create a health and wellness culture accessible to all. We are a non-profit organisation that works to bridge the gap between science and nature, focusing on the essential role of natural products in maintaining wellness. CB2 receptors, are usually found in the immune system and are responsible for anti-inflammatory effects of cannabis. This allows THC and CBD to react with your cannabinoid receptors; your body’s endocannabinoid receptors don’t know the difference. While THC and CBD can be extracted from cannabis plants independently of one another, they may not be effective as standalone products for each individual’s needs. If you’re not familiar, we all have an endocannabinoid system (ECS) that uses naturally produced endocannabinoids to create balance for many everyday vital processes. This is unlike THC, which instead mimics the behaviour of such endocannabinoids. Although its main functions are still being researched, some of CBD’s characteristics are already determined, with one being its role in helping generate or boost, the number of endocannabinoids we have in our system. CBD on the other hand creates just as many psychoactive effects as your delicious anti-oxidizing morning tea. But, how do these two heavyweight phytocannabinoids stack up against each other? And when they're using CBD or other cannabis products for conditions we don't know very much about, that's worrisome. But there were mild side effects reported in the epilepsy studies, mostly gastrointestinal issues like diarrhea. CBD products are available through dispensaries, health food and convenience stores, and the internet. Freeman AM, et al. “Evidence for THC versus CBD in cannabinoids.” Canadian Family Physician (2019)Systematic review of clinical trials comparing THC and CBD efficacy. SEIZURE RELIEF. It was initially thought to constitute one of the chapters in a book arguing for the need to agree on and design a new global regime on drugs, with the very tentative title of "Stop the War on Drugs Now - Time to Do Something that Works!". This text is a case-study on how the drug industry - under the global regime of prohibition - has conditioned Colombia's development during many decades. This paper shows how the marijuana boom in the Colombian Caribbean and the military suppression of it under the "Two Peninsulas" campaign ushered in a new era of inter-state and state-society relations between Colombia and the United States. Many believe that the money and resources have in their turn allowed drugs to influence popular culture, the management of the media, political campaigns and parties, and the distribution of power in general. Thus, our understanding of how the drug’s concentration changes in selected tissues over time combined with knowledge of how that might correlate with the drug’s activity at selected protein targets (i.e., its PD) provides a clearer picture of its in vivo bioactivity. When measuring THC bioactivity, studies need to indicate 1) the route of administrations, 2) how much THC was administered, and 3) the regimen of THC use (e.g., times a day, a week, or a month). Humans administer THC-containing products by smoking, vaporizing and dabbing (a slang term that refers to the process of consuming THC products that come in a variety of textures, including resin); as well as by drinking and eating6,7. The body of work reviewed provides a foundation for translating research into therapies for a variety of diseases and conditions. This concern is heightened by the escalation in THC concentrations found in Cannabis plants attributable to increased understanding of Cannabis genetics, improved cultivation methods, and optimization of extraction yields (Box 1)4. This can add complications for patients trying to determine the effects of any given product. It even altered the gut biome of obese mice, making them more like the gut of a healthy mouse than an obese one. As an FDA-approved medication for epilepsy, there is now a substantial body of evidence supporting the claim that CBD can significantly reduce seizures in epileptic patients. Still, similar neurodegenerative conditions, such as dementia, saw no changes with cannabis use. While more research is needed, some human studies on CBD have shown improvements in patients with these conditions.