On the off chance that one’s stool is free and watery, the dietary fiber can help cement the stool by engrossing dampness and expanding stool mass (Korczak et al., 2017). Besides, berries and different natural products with low amylase and high glucosidase inhibitory exercises can be viewed as a dietary possibility to control the beginning phases of hyperglycemia related to type 2 diabetes (Lin et al., 2016). Consuming dietary fiber is linked to increased satiety after a meal and reduced hunger afterward. For the purpose of further considerations, it is worth noting that chia seeds are an example of traditional food from third country.Ayaz et al. demonstrated that consumption of chia seed with plain yogurt as a mid-morning snack induced short-term satiety with no influence on mood states in healthy individuals.Long known in health circles as a health-promoting superfood, chia seeds are packed with protein, fiber, vitamins and minerals, and omega-3 fatty acids.Simple sources of herbal oils having ALA are walnut, wholesome seeds, chia seed, clary sage seed oil, flaxseed oil, Sacha Inchi oil, Echium oil, and hemp oil (Simopoulos, 2002).Phenolic components are a major category of plant derivatives and are separated as phenolic acids and polyphenols.Chia seeds can absorb up to 10 times their weight in water.The importance of these components has the ability to suppress the risk of chronic diseases including GI‐tract‐related diseases, CVD, and various types of cancer.The seed is a small embryonic plant encapsulated in a covering known as seed coat, which is the product of mature ovules of flowering plants after pollination and reproduction. Also limit foods that are high in sodium such as sandwiches, pizza, soup and processed foods. To serve her diverse patients, she demonstrates cultural sensitivity and knowledge of customary food practices. Reyna Franco, RDN, is a New York City–based dietitian-nutritionist, certified specialist in sports dietetics, and certified personal trainer. Apoptosis and cardiomyocyte programmed cell death have a pivotal role in obesity-induced heart disease development and progression10. The changed myocardial structure elevates the danger of atrial fibrillation8 and sudden cardiac death9. It also induces functional and structural alterations of the heart, which in turn leads to heart failure7. Obesity is a crucial risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD)2. Chia seeds containing omega‐3 unsaturated fatty acids have been related to a large group of physiological capacities in the human body. The structure and useful outcomes of protein and peptides in chia seeds (S. hispanica L.), have possible influences on human health. It is an effortless way to boost your mental health by just consuming chia seeds. Table 2 shows the health benefits of chia seeds' phenolic compounds. These outcomes provided updated knowledge about chia seeds and their phenolic profile, which was mainly phytochemicals and fibers for stopping oxidative stress and disorders caused by it (Scapin et al., 2016). 7. Minerals In group IV (given a high-fat diet with chia seeds supplementation), the cardiac muscle showed normal histological structure with branched cardiac muscle bundles, acidophilic cytoplasm, single nuclei, and little or no thickening of the matrix around the cardiomyocytesnoticed (Fig. 8D).(B) Group II showing normal myocardial architecture "arrow" with blood vessel "winged arrow".The seeds are a good source of fibre and can be recommended for diabetes and people with hypercholesterolaemia.In group III, immunohistochemical analysis exhibited that Bcl-2 expression in heart muscle was noticeably lower, but Bax expression was notably elevated.Α-Tocopherol, the biologically most active and most frequently studied form of vitamin E, is a lipid-soluble molecule transported in blood in lipoprotein fractions that acts as a peroxyl radical scavenger in lipid environments, preventing lipid peroxidation in lipoproteins and membranes.(D) Showing a comparison of the immunohistochemical expression of Bax scoring among the different groups of rats.What’s more, the identification of these genetic properties may lead to developing treatments for high blood pressure and supporting cardiovascular health in the not-too-distant future.Simply roll the mixture into balls, then roll in the chia seeds to coat. Chia seeds are ascribed high nutritive value particularly thanks to their high contents of dietary fibre and fat (Table 1). Bioactive compounds include, e.g., polyphenols, carotenoids, phytoestrogens, sterols, stanols, vitamins, dietary fibre, fatty acids, probiotics, prebiotics, and bioactive peptides 4,5,6. Technological properties of chia seeds are shown and current legal regulations concerning their potential use in the food industry are presented. This article provides a review of the most important information concerning the potential application of chia seeds in food production. Research indicates that components of chia seeds are ascribed a beneficial effect on the improvement of the blood lipid profile, through their hypotensive, hypoglycaemic, antimicrobial and immunostimulatory effects. Can Chia Seeds Help With Weight Loss? Also, ingestion of a high-fat diet resulted in the following consequences including elevated levels of fasting serum glucose, increased HOMA-IR index, in addition to elevated fasting levels of serum TG, LDL, TC, VLDL, cardiac risk ratio, atherogenic coefficient, and the atherogenic index, plus a clear reduction in HDL levels. The first group was a control (group I) and the second one was a control and dietary supplement in chia seeds (group II). Hence, the main goal of this report is to assess the potential cardio-protective effects of chia seeds in rats that received high-fat diets via assessing biochemical-hemodynamic biomarkers and illustrating anatomical and histopathological pictures. Also, the use of dietary fibers enhances the loss of weight, improves levels of lipid and blood glucose, and lessens blood pressure14,15. Meta-analyses have also been published on the effects of these foods on blood cholesterol, glycemic control, blood pressure, or vascular function from small, usually short-term, RCTs. Pulses usually require cooking prior to consumption and are eaten untransformed, unlike soybeans, which are the basis for soy oil and various foods such as tofu and derived products, widely consumed in Asia and by vegetarian populations worldwide. Human populations derive most of their energy needs from seeds or seed products, particularly grains (wheat, corn and rice) and legumes (soybeans). Seeds are made of complex matrices in the outer layer and the germ, rich in minerals, vitamins, and bioactive phytochemicals that protect the plant's DNA from oxidative stress, thus facilitating the perpetuation of the species.28 On the other hand, the endosperm of seeds stores nutritive components to sustain the future seedling with a variable mixture of high-quality protein, complex carbohydrate, and fat depending on the type of seed. 1.3. Reduced the blood pressure Finally the wind stops and seeds fall gently down on the ground. The rest of the seeds fly on. One of the seeds flies higher than the others. One of the seeds is tiny, smaller than any of the others. It blows flower seeds high in the air and carries them far across the land. It slows the absorption of carbohydrates, increases insulin release, and regulates blood sugar. Many have asked about the best herbal medicines for not only addressing heart disease but preventing it altogether. “It was the first time a plant genome was analyzed for its potential nutritional quality and discovery of biopeptides that may play a role in improving human health conditions,” says Dr. Pankaj Jaiswal, senior investigator of the study and member of OSU’s Department of Botany and Plant Pathology.2 They also contain important antioxidants, such as quercetin, kaempferol, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and myricetin, which not only add to their nutritional profile, but also preserve their beneficial fats against oxidation. It may also be interrelated with the destruction of the other parts of the body, for example, the heart, brain, eyes, and kidney. Phosphorus provides health to bones and helps sustain tissues (Takeda et al., 2012). These have high levels of magnesium, calcium, manganese, phosphorus, copper, selenium, and iron (da Silva et al., 2017). However, different minerals are used to form hormones or for the normalization of a heartbeat (Bailey et al., 2011). Similar to vitamins, minerals keep you healthy and also aid in the growth and development of the body. If you still want to whip up chia seed water, Collingwood suggests soaking the seeds in water for 30 minutes or until they are a “tapioca-like gel consistency.” There’s no set ratio water to chia seeds, but vloggers on TikTok are using 1 tbsp of the seeds in a typical glass (8 to 10 oz) of water. Researchers also pointed out that as an ample source of fiber, chia can aid digestion and help manage health conditions such as type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and depression. Often dubbed a “superfood,” they are bursting with omega-3 fatty acids (from alpha-lipoic acids or ALAs, the plant-based form of the fatty acids), antioxidants, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper, iron, and zinc, she notes. On the other hand, a glass of chia seed water a day isn’t going to undo the damage of poor dietary choices or a caloric surplus. Because by doing so, the team was able to identify molecules in the seeds that are directly tied to specific health benefits. (As Time previously reported, the super seeds can be a choking risk when eaten alone in raw form and in excess.) “Chia seeds are high in fiber, which can increase satiety,” says Tara Collingwood, RDN, who is based in Orlando, Florida. Another user, @kanipark, claims that chia seed water has a number of health benefits. Chia seeds carry 40% fiber that brings them to the top of the list in providing more fiber (Reyes‐Caudillo et al., 2008). Conclusively, some pervious studies approved that chia seed components are played important role in chronic diseases. In GI‐tract‐related diseases like diabetes and constipation, chia fiber reduces the blood glucose level and provides bulk to stool. Chia seeds should not be consumed dry by the spoonful as they can mix with saliva to form a gel and possibly block the esophagus. When used properly, chia is an incredibly healthy ingredient. Omega-3s also help with brain health and heart health. And while chia seeds and water can help promote digestion and help you go to the bathroom more easily, which may leave you feeling lighter, these drinks aren’t a smart choice for everyone. So-called “chia water” has been touted as a weight-loss aid, with proponents claiming it makes you feel full due to the expansion of the seeds in your stomach. Chia seeds are rich in alpha linolenic acid (ALA), a type of plant-based omega-3 fatty acid that has anti-inflammatory benefits. These benefits include decreased risk of high blood pressure, heart disease and Type 2 diabetes, weight loss and more. Getting enough fiber in your diet can decrease the risk of a range of conditions, including heart disease, Type 2 diabetes, cancer, inflammation and digestive issues, according to Harvard University. Chia seeds are wealthy in fiber and contain omega‐3 unsaturated fattty acids, because of their high substance of soluble fiber, chia seeds can assimilate up to 10–12 times their weight in water, turn thick, and swell in the stomach (Alfredo et al., 2009). Such ameliorations could be dominated by the richness of chia seeds in antioxidants and essential fatty acids that could modulate the alterations induced by consuming a high-fat diet. Several studies reveal that chia seeds are rich in lipids, protein,soluble and insoluble dietary fibers,and phenolic compounds. Any harm to the structure of the intestinal vegetation (otherwise called ailing health) can prompt different obsessive conditions. Cooperations between practical food fixings, for example, prebiotics, probiotics, phytochemicals, and intestinal greenery, affect human well‐being (Laparra & Sanz, 2010). The balance of PUFA components in food affects all aspects of immunity and metabolism (Laparra & Sanz, 2010). High fatty substances can likewise cause intense aggravation of the pancreas (pancreatitis) (Zhang et al., 2019). High fatty substances can cause arteriosclerosis, or thickening of the course dividers (arteriosclerosis), expanding the danger of stroke, cardiovascular failure, and coronary illness. Afterward, chemicals discharge fatty substances between suppers to give energy (Lestari et al., 2009). Peptides are formed by linking 2 and 50 amino acids together, with peptide bonds.Already thousands of years ago chia seeds were staple food and they were consumed by pre-Columbian peoples living primarily in Central America.Chia seeds are ascribed high nutritive value particularly thanks to their high contents of dietary fibre and fat (Table 1).The seeds grow so round and full they start to burst open a little.Table 3 presented the functional role of chia seeds against different types of cancer.The association of dietary K+ with lower CHD risk, however, is only suggestive.114 Concerning dietary Mg++ intake, a meta-analysis of prospective studies by Larsson et al.116 shows a modest but significant inverse association with stroke risk, with an 8% reduction for an increment of 100 mg/d in intake.However, pulses are an important component of dietary patterns clearly related to a lower T2DM risk, such as low-GI, high-fiber, and Mediterranean diets.21It consists of nutrition, food science and medicine that maintains a balance between food and drugs. In turn, Campos et al. showed that gruel made from chia seeds may be used as a substitute of emulsifiers and stabilisers in the production of ice-cream. Fernandes and Salas-Mellado examined chia mucilage incorporation on the technological quality of breads and pound cakes with a reduced fat content, and showed it to be an effective fat substitute, preserving quality attributes of food products. High acceptance of breads with the addition of chia flour or chia seeds was reported in a study by Coelho and Salas-Mellado . The seed is a small embryonic plant encapsulated in a covering known as seed coat, which is the product of mature ovules of flowering plants after pollination and reproduction. Health plans that generate favorable conditions for building healthy way‐outs, inexpensive, and convenient are necessary for stimulating people to maintain and encourage healthy habits (Psaty et al., 1999). Moreover, medicinal treatment of hyperglycemia, high blood pressure, and lipids content are also essential in lowering and controlling the happening of this disorder. The consequences of physiological hazards are high blood pressure, high blood glucose level, high lipid profile fleshiness, and chubbiness (American Diabetes Association, 2005). Coronary artery illness comprises situations that shrink or choke the arteries (coronary infarction) to your heart muscle (Kurian & Cardarelli, 2007). The chemical composition of chia seeds is presented and the effect of their consumption on human health is discussed. Per Collingwood, when combined with mindful, healthful eating, chia seeds could help you lose weight. Experts agree that while the research is limited, there may be some merit to adding chia seeds to your weight loss diet. One seed falls into the water and drowns. But the tiny seed does not go as fast as the others. The ice never melts, and the seed cannot grow. Another seed lands on a tall and icy mountain. But the tiny seed sails on with the others. Conclusively, chia seeds components are played important role in chronic diseases that approved by different previous studies. These seeds are composed of different functional components including fiber, polyphenols, antioxidants, omega‐3 fatty acid vitamins, minerals, and peptides. Due to their fat content, chia seeds should be stored in a sealed bag or container in the refrigerator or freezer to increase their shelf-life. They are structurally diverse, belonging to several families such as benzoic acid derivatives, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, stilbenes, coumarins, lignans, and lignins.41,126 Several thousand molecules with structural features of polyphenols (one or more phenolic rings with a variable number of hydroxyl groups) have been isolated from higher plants, and nearly 500 have been identified in various plant-based foods and beverages.42 Seeds, particularly nuts, pulses, and cocoa products, are particularly rich in polyphenols (Table 2), but they are present mostly in the outer layers and many are heat-labile. Among seeds, nuts are particularly rich in vitamin E compounds, mainly α-tocopherol, a well-known antioxidant that, together with vitamin C, carotenoids, and selenium, contributes to the body's defense against reactive oxygen species. The latter dose of K+ can be obtained from combining seed servings in the usual diet (Table 2). The main known nutrients of seeds are represented together with their principal biological targets (long arrow connections). The inhibitory effect in relation to the activity of angiotensin convertase by fractions of proteins found in chia seeds was confirmed in an experiment performed by Orona-Tamayo et al. . The effect of chia seed oil consumption on the blood lipid profile was investigated in an experiment conducted by Sierra et al. . Studies conducted with type 2 diabetes patients showed that the daily supply of 15 g/1000 kcal chia seeds for 12 weeks caused a statistically significant reduction in the concentration of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (by 40%) and von Willebrand factor (by 21%). The lowest level of glycemia was recorded at the addition of 24 g chia seeds, while it was highest at the addition of 7 g. Ho et al. observed that individuals consuming bread fortified with chia seeds had lower postprandial glycemia in comparison to individuals, who consumed bread free from that additive. Different functional components of chia seeds and their potential health benefits. Wet chia seeds are sticky in nature, due to mucilage and digestible fiber. Soluble fiber rises the volume and bulkiness of feces that regulates blood sugar level, body weight, and cholesterol level, and the health of the colon also acts as antiaging (Grancieri et al., 2019; Rahim et al., 2021). Recent outcomes of different investigations show that chia seeds have a great nutritional profile and huge health‐boosting characteristics (Grancieri et al., 2019). Ingestion of a high diet for 10 weeks induced a clear elevation in BMI, AC/ TC, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, CRP, CPK-MB, and cTnI in all HFD groups. Forty male albino rats (with an initial body weight of 180–200 g) were used in this study. Fernandez et al. analysed the effect of chia seed consumption on the immune system. The addition of chia seed oil to the diet of rabbits caused increased aorta relaxation, triggered by acetylcholine, and an increased NO release . They observed that the administration of feed with 10% chia seed oil caused a reduction of total cholesterol, HDL and TG. Moreover, they recorded a decrease in the levels of hepatocellular damage markers, i.e., alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), the high concentrations of which were caused by the high-fat and high-fructose diet . It is characterised by high contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids, mainly α-linolenic acid (ALA), which accounts for approximately 60% all fatty acids. All are the major events that can cause cardiac failure as reported by99,100. Few studies showed the link between obesity and the occurrence of myocardial damage, including coronary artery diseases. These findings were supported by97 who mentioned that the release of such markers indicated impaired membrane permeability and cell death in many tissues of the body including the heart. For this narrative review we conducted a comprehensive search of MEDLINE and EMBASE through December 2012 for English language descriptions of seed composition, reports of epidemiologic and clinical studies describing effects of seeds (whole grains, tree nuts and peanuts, pulses, cocoa and cocoa products such as chocolate, and coffee) on cardiometabolic outcomes, and the most recent reviews and meta-analyses of these studies. They can be easily added to yogurt and salads, and you can even use chia seeds as egg replacements in baking. One ounce of chia seeds offers the following nutrients, according to the U.S. Cancer growth cells can spread to different parts of the body through the blood and lymphatic framework. A portion of the fiber is fermented in the colon due to the cannot be completely breakdown by human digestive enzymes. An eating routine wealthy in fiber can lessen the danger of hemorrhoids and colonic packs (diverticulosis). They additionally give solid fats, proteins, and cancer prevention agents that secure cells (Knez Hrnčič et al., 2020; Tan & Seow‐Choen, 2007). Phenolic compounds, like phenolic acids and flavonoids, can advance well‐being by decreasing the danger of difficulties identified with metabolic conditions and type 2 diabetes (Sales et al., 2012). The effect of consumption of ground chia seeds on blood levels of selected fatty acids in postmenopausal women was assessed in a study conducted by Jin et al. . They observed that rats fed a diet with high sucrose contents and containing 2.6% chia seeds had lower blood concentrations of triglycerides, non-esterified fatty acids and total cholesterol in comparison to the control. Not surprisingly, these factors make chia seeds exceedingly healthy and they’ve been shown to tame inflammation, stabilize blood sugar levels, support weight loss, strengthen bones, and now research out of Oregon State University has found strong genetic evidence these seeds can lower your risk of heart disease. Collection of blood samples was carried out (at the end of the experiment) after overnight fasting and calculation of blood pressure, then, hematological samples were collected from the orbital sinus vein of each rat after ether inhalation34 for measuring serum Biochemical parameters. Hemodynamic parameters including systolic, diastolic, heart rate, and mean arterial blood pressure,) were computed using the Recorder (Non-Invasive Blood Pressure) using rat tail-cuff protocol (Kent Scientific Corporation, Connecticut, Torrington, USA)30. Chia seeds ingestion combined with HFD noticeably ameliorated the previously-recorded biochemical biomarkers, hemodynamic and echocardiography measures, and histopathological changes. Also, the Bcl-2 expression in the heart muscle was significantly lower, but Bax expression was significantly higher. Furthermore, histological cardiac examination showed structural alteration of the normal structure of the heart tissue with an increase in collagen deposition. An enormous number of studies have shown the impacts of fiber utilization as diminishing the danger of coronary illness, decreasing the danger of type 2 diabetes, and different sorts of malignant growth (Reyes‐Caudillo et al., 2008). It can also increase your risk of serious eye, heart, and nerve problems (DeFronzo et al., 2015). Type 2 diabetes is a common disease that causes high levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood. Functional role of chia seed components in the human gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, they can be as supplement in the daily diet because of the high content of omega-3. Where no duly reasoned safety objections have been submitted to the Commission, the Commission shall authorise the placing on the market within the Union of the food product concerned and update the Union list. Safety of foodstuffs that are in some way artificial or earlier unknown for consumers has to be proven before (ex-ante) entering the food market . Contents of omega-3 acids (mainly alfa-linoleic acid) increased in their eggs. Likewise, there is no evidence from RCTs that vitamin E helps prevent or manage T2DM.121 Hence, the use of vitamin E or other antioxidant vitamin supplements for CVD prevention is discouraged, while the recommendation stands for a healthy diet, rich in food sources of antioxidant nutrients such as fruits and vegetables, including seeds.22 Except for coffee as beverage, which contains very low amounts of macronutrients, whole seeds are important sources of slow-release carbohydrate and dietary fiber, a non-absorbable nutrient that has received much attention in nutritional epidemiology. Numerous epidemiologic studies have examined consumption of edible seeds in relation to risk of CVD, T2DM, or mortality, and meta-analyses summarize the observational evidence. It has been found that the industrial use of chia as a fat or egg substitute in food products does not affect significantly their technological or physical properties. It also needs to be stressed that, when chia seeds are not ground to flour, they may be stored for a long time. The advantageous effect of chia seeds on nutritive value was also shown indirectly when investigating the composition of eggs laid by hens fed a feed with chia seeds. 4. Omega‐3 fatty acid Because chia seeds are packed with nutrients, including fiber, protein, and calcium, they have surged in popularity. If you aren’t used to consuming chia seeds, be careful before introducing them into your diet, and don’t hesitate to discuss the potential allergy with a doctor if you aren’t sure. Since chia seeds are so versatile, there are endless ways you can include them in your diet, from trying a popular chia seed pudding to sprinkling them on salads or over cereal. More research into chia seeds and weight loss is needed before we can draw significant conclusions. For histological scoring, Kruskal-Wallis Test was conducted to examine the differences in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy scoring, adipocytes scoring, collagen level scoring, and immunohistochemical scoring for the expression of Bax and Bcl2 according to the types of groups or treatments taken. The PCR products were electrophoresed on a 2% agarose gel.The photographed gel was analyzed using the gel document system (gel pro version 0.3)software Media Cybermetica USA.The results were expressed as a ratio of target mRNA/b-actin mRNA an external control for each sample. While collagen level scoring (by using Crossmon’strichrome stain in order to elevate the accuracy of collagen deposition scoring), and immunohistochemical scoring for the expression of Bax and Bcl2 (by using immune-stained sections) were measured based on staining percentage per area. Artificial tools were designed to see the assimilation of mucilage in chia seeds. Chia seed is chemically composed of vegetable protein, lipids, carbohydrates, and dietary fiber which are listed in Table 1. It is exhibited by testing that in the past white and black chia seeds were cultured separately, but with time, the production of white chia seeds decreased and intermixed with high‐yielding black seeds (Ayerza, 2010). White chia seeds are present in a very low amount and a bit greater than black seeds. They showed that the introduction of chia flour to breads at 7.8 g/100 g and in the second variant chia seeds at 11.0 g/100 g provided a final product exhibiting a more advantageous ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to saturated fatty acids (SAT) than that of the control bread. They showed that a daily intake of 25 g chia seeds during a seven-week dietary intervention caused an increase in blood concentrations of alfa-linoleic acid (by 138%) and eicosapentaenoic acid (by 30%). In light of these findings, it is worth noting chia seeds are an outstanding food to integrate into your daily diet — particularly if you are concerned about heart disease. In view of the health-promoting properties of food in recent years we have been observing a considerable interest in products of plant origin, which have been investigated in many studies 7,8,9,10. Curious on how to incorporate chia and flax seeds in your diet to get these amazing benefits? Hawthorn not only lowers blood pressure, but also heart-harming triglycerides and cholesterol; provides an excellent source of polyphenol antioxidants to boost heart health; cools inflammation; and promotes overall circulatory fitness. In line with an earlier study63, reported that a high-fat diet produced higher levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL. Therefore, the goal of the present report was to assess the cardiovascular protective influence of chia seed supplementation in high-fat diet-induced obesity. In group II which fed on a chia diet, the same phenotype was observed and myocardial architecture was normal where cardiac muscle fibers had acidophilic cytoplasm and centrally located nucleus with little collagen fiber between the cardiac muscle bundles (Fig. 8B). (A) Cardiac BAX mRNA expression, (B) Cardiac BCL2 mRNA expression, (C) Cardiac BAX/BCL2 mRNA expression ratio. (E) showing a comparison of the immunohistochemical expression of Bcl2 scoring among the different groups of rats. (D) Showing a comparison of the immunohistochemical expression of Bax scoring among the different groups of rats. Group IV showed a non-significant difference compared to group I in all parameters except the immunohistochemical expression of Bax scoring which showed a highly significance difference. However, in group III, crossmon's trichrome staining displayed interstitial myocardial deposition of collagen fibers and distinct perivascular fibrosis (Fig. 9C). Furthermore, genetically modified foods are prepared with the addition of vitamins, minerals, probiotic microflora, and fiber. Functional foods has been defined by the National Academy of Sciences Food and Nutrition Board in the USA; “Any reconstituted food or food component that can be good for health more than its conventional nutritive value” (Martirosyan & Pisarski, 2017). Combine a quarter-cup of seeds with 2 cups of water, let stand for 15 to 30 minutes, then stir with a whisk. Thus, nuts were probably responsible for most of the observed benefits in the Mediterranean diet with nuts group. After a median follow-up of 4.8 years, the participants in the two Mediterranean diet groups showed a 30% reduction in CVD events (myocardial infarction, stroke or cardiovascular death) compared with the control diet. These results provide some evidence to support independent benefits of bran, although it is often difficult to tease out the effects of the individual components of a whole food. Due to the hydrophilic properties of chia seeds, they are used as substitutes for eggs and fat 43,66,67. In an experiment conducted by Marineli et al. , obese rats were fed chia seeds or chia seed oil at 133 and 40 g/kg diet, respectively, for 6 or 12 weeks. Antioxidant activity of compounds contained in chia seeds was also confirmed in the fat emulsion system. Several studies provided evidence for the high antioxidant potential of chia seeds. Earlier studies claimed that soluble fiber can upgrade the consistency of digestive material so connected with health benefits to humans (Table 2).On the off chance that one’s stool is free and watery, the dietary fiber can help cement the stool by engrossing dampness and expanding stool mass (Korczak et al., 2017).Lynn Grieger is a registered dietitian-nutritionist, certified diabetes care and education specialist, certified personal trainer, and certified health and wellness coach.(A) Serum C-reacive protein (CRP) (μg/dl), (B) serum low creatine phosphokinase muscle/brain (CPK-MB) (U/L), (C) of Serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI) (pg/ml).Several of the intervention studies reviewed55 were conducted with pure flavonoids and had effects similar to those elicited by the parent foods, which suggests that the benefit is at least partly due to these antioxidant molecules.Chia seeds are high in fiber (in addition to being gluten-free).It was found that animals fed chia seeds had lower levels of hepatic acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) activity in comparison to animals fed a diet rich in corn oil.These may include improving digestive and heart health as well as having anticarcinogenic properties. Based on data from 21 short-term RCTs, this meta-analysis also found that whole grain interventions significantly reduced total and LDL-cholesterol and fasting glucose. A meta-analysis by Mellen et al.65 of seven prospective cohorts found a 21% lower risk of CVD for greatest compared with lowest whole grain intake. The seed content of tocopherols (the main vitamin E compounds) is also low to moderate, except for nuts, which can be particularly rich in α-tocopherol, the principal vitamin E species. Figure 3. Peptides are formed by linking 2 and 50 amino acids together, with peptide bonds. Vertebrates are not able to produce ALA; they attain ALA from plants' food only. The mixture of raw and compounded were examined, major substances present were phenolic and caffeic acid, and danshensu and their secondary metabolites like rosmarinic and salvianolic acids. The plant‐based mechanism is of vital importance for the limitation of lipid oxidation in living tissues because when this is added to the diet of individuals, it improves the way of living and also lowered the chance of happening disorders. Over 50 short-term RCTs have compared the effects of nut-enriched and nut-free diets on blood lipids and lipoproteins. Over the last two decades four large prospective studies in the U.S. have reported on incident CHD in relation to frequency of nut consumption (including peanuts and peanut butter). De Munter et al.46 conducted a meta-analysis of six prospective cohort studies and found a 21% reduction of T2DM risk for two servings/d increment in whole grain intake. A more recent meta-analysis of 45 prospective cohort studies45 showed that, compared with participants who rarely or never consumed whole grains, those reporting an average intake of 48–80 g/d (3–5 serving/d) had a 21% lower risk of CVD and a 26% lower risk of T2DM (Table 3). In the 1970's Burkitt and Trowell pioneered the link between chronic disease and refined grain by observing that Africans who consumed large quantities of whole plant foods had a lower prevalence of chronic diseases than Western countries where grain products are highly processed.63 Whole grains are comprised of germ, bran, and endosperm. It is now recognized that over-focus on individual nutrients is counterproductive, because it misses the complexities of foods and overall eating patterns. For the sake of simplicity, the scheme cannot include all the reported effects of particular seed molecules. As shown in part in Figure, most bioactive seed components synergize to affect multiple metabolic and vascular physiology pathways leading to protection from CVD and T2DM. By reducing LDL oxidation or other mechanisms, vitamin E also displays anti-inflammatory properties, inhibits platelet aggregation, and enhances NO bioavailability.123 This helps explain the beneficial health effects of lifelong high intake of vitamin E. Α-Tocopherol, the biologically most active and most frequently studied form of vitamin E, is a lipid-soluble molecule transported in blood in lipoprotein fractions that acts as a peroxyl radical scavenger in lipid environments, preventing lipid peroxidation in lipoproteins and membranes. Functional foods are commonly divided into two major categories, such as conventional and genetically modified food prodcuts (Rahim et al., 2022). The word functional food was invented first in Japan at 1984 (Shimizu, 2003). It consists of nutrition, food science and medicine that maintains a balance between food and drugs. In the recent times, the science of functional foods is a combination of science and collective needs. Benefits of Flax Seeds Dietary‐based likelihoods involve overweight, hypertension, unchecked high blood glucose, and taking more animal fats in food. Chia seeds have elevated levels of proteins and necessary amino acids, therefore these are a favorable source of functional peptides. Omega‐3 fatty acids revealed to oxygen are more at risk to be spoil and oxidize (Veena et al., 2017). The second radiant zone of chia seeds is their rich amount of phytonutrients (Table 2). A dessert of chia seeds can make to enhancing the concumption of chia seeds. Read on to learn how chia seeds can benefit your health as well as detailed nutritional information and some recipe ideas. Due to the capacity of chia seeds to absorb water and to form gels, they may be used in food technology as a substitute of emulsifiers and stabilisers. Current research results indicate many health-promoting properties of chia seeds. Chia seeds have high contents of dietary fibre and proteins, rich in many exogenous amino acids. Already thousands of years ago chia seeds were staple food and they were consumed by pre-Columbian peoples living primarily in Central America. However, an adverse change observed in that case of a change of ice-cream colour resulting from the dark colour of chia gel . They stated that a 5% substitution of potato flour and rice flour with chia flour is the most advantageous for appearance, colour, aroma, texture, taste and overall acceptability of the final product. A positive effect of chia flour addition on the nutritive value and sensory attributes of chips was observed by Coorey et al. . The use of chia seeds in production of dairy products, fruit and vegetables or meat stuffs have great perspectives. Currently, chia seeds are used in Europe as a component of cereal products, e.g., breakfast cereals, rice crisps, wafers, chips. Perspectives for the use of chia seeds relate to aspects health and also technological. It was shown that ORAC of chia seeds is comparable to that of prunes and hazelnuts (Figure 3). In turn, Segura-Campos et al. confirmed that protein hydrolysates from chia seeds are also capable of reducing ABTS cation radicals. They showed that extracts from chia seeds are capable of quenching DPPH radicals and they cause their neutralisation by over 70%. The beneficial chia seed effects are linked to humans by having the antioxidant ability, antihypertensive, antihyperglycemic, and anticholesterolemic reactions. A little ratio of omega‐3 fatty acid is linked with a decreased chance of many long‐lasting diseases like heart problem, cancer, inflammation, and premature deaths (Saini & Keum, 2018). The branching capability of omega‐3 fatty acids by ALA can be weakened in oldness. The tiny seed is not eaten. A bird comes by and eats one seed. It is hot and dry, and the seed cannot grow. One seed drifts down onto the desert. But the tiny seed does not go as high as the others. The advantageous effect of chia seeds on the blood lipid profile was shown in an experiment conducted by Chicco et al. . The results indicate that mice treated with chia oil show reduced fat mass accumulation and increased lean mass, improved glucose levels and insulin tolerance, and increased blood levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol. It was found that administration of chia seeds and flour reduced blood glucose level in comparison to the control . The effect of chia seeds consumption on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism was also investigated by Silva et al. . Proteins in chia seeds are also rich in endogenous amino acids, mainly glutamic and aspartic acids, alanine, serine and glycine 27,33,34. Review of Evidence on Edible Seeds and their Products Notwithstanding, the admission of omega‐3 fatty acids causes genuine antagonistic responses (Arends et al., 2017). Not at all like omega‐3 and omega‐6 fatty acids have calming impacts and do not advance angiogenesis (Caughey et al., 1996). Omega‐3 fatty acids are additionally expected to give wholesome enhancements to malignant growth patients. The tiny seed hasn't begun to grow yet. It is a big fat weed. But the tiny seed lies very still and the mouse does not see it. A hungry mouse that also lives in the ground eats a seed for his lunch. FUNCTIONAL COMPOSITION OF CHIA SEED Edible seeds, particularly fat-rich nuts and cocoa products, are good sources of energy (Table 1). Grains (cereals) include wheat, oats, rye, rice, barley, millet, and corn.30 The foods originating from them range from highly nutrient-dense wholegrain breads and cereal foods such as oats, to less nutrient–dense white rice, white bread, pasta and noodles or refined grain products with high levels of added sugar, fat and/or sodium, such as many biscuits, pastries, and cakes. For instance, seeds contain sizable amounts of phytosterols, important structural components of plant membranes that stabilize phospholipid bilayers just as the cholesterol that abounds in eggs does in animal cell membranes.29 Whole seeds provide a wide array of bioactive molecules likely to have significant health benefits. Chia seeds are an extraordinary origin of numerous fundamental minerals but an imperfect source of vitamins. The seeds contain high amounts of B vitamins including niacin (883 mg/100 g), folic acid (49 mg/100 g), thiamine (0.62 mg/100 g), and riboflavin (0.17 mg/100 g) (Olivos‐Lugo et al., 2010). Mainly these are key components in the digestion of animal fats and also play a vital function in human food and physical functioning (Cholewski et al., 2018). Chia seed is attributed to have useful results on the betterment of the blood lipid profile, by their ability in lowering blood pressure, blood glucose, and antimicrobial and immuno‐boosting reactions (Weber et al., 1991). Concurrently73, evaluated glycemic responses of chia seeds via lowering blood glucose concentration in healthy individuals. In concordance with a previous study69, revealed noticeable weight loss by involving chia seeds in bread with a decrease of 500 Kcal daily from the normal diet70 documented a significant body weight loss in a group of people eating a hypocaloric diet of a reduction (25% Kcal)from the daily energy need and he attributed this reduction in body weight to chia seed intervention. These seeds are rich in 34–36% fibers, which is considered higher compared to other cereals or dried fruit65,66, and fatty acids, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA),with a higher ratio67, which are useful for controlling metabolic diseases68. Risk ratios in meta-analyses of epidemiologic studies, usually adjusted for multiple confounders, are for highest versus lowest categories of consumption or increased servings/d, as specified. Finally, all seeds contain bioactive polyphenols, water-soluble pigments capable of quenching oxygen-derived free radicals.41 As such, these compounds defend seeds against oxidative stress and radiation injury, pathogenic micro-organisms and insects, besides conferring organoleptic characteristics (odor and flavor). Seeds contains enough phytosterols to build the cell membranes of the future seedling,29 giving them the highest content of these bioactive molecules among natural plant foods. Regarding minerals, seeds are excellent sources of potassium (K+), magnesium (Mg++) (excluding coffee), and calcium (Ca++). The macro- and micronutrients, minerals, vitamins and phytochemicals in seeds reflect their role of nourishment and protection of the future seedling (Table 1 and Table 2). Chia seeds also contain a number of vitamins and minerals. Chia seeds are readily available and easy to add to meals, whether it be cereals, baked goods, smoothies, or as a salad topping. Chia seeds have grown immensely in popularity in recent years, thanks to the high amount of nutrients packed into these tiny seeds. A hungry mouse that also lives in the ground eats a seed for his lunch.Chia seed components are helpful in cardiovascular disease (CVD) by reducing blood pressure, platelet aggregation, cholesterol, and oxidation.Any harm to the structure of the intestinal vegetation (otherwise called ailing health) can prompt different obsessive conditions.Omega‐3 alpha‐linolenic acids (ALA) are about 75% and 20% omega‐6 fatty acids present in chia seeds.Salvia hispanica, also called chia, is an annual herbaceous plant belonging to the family Lamiaceae.One ounce of chia seeds offers the following nutrients, according to the U.S.Edible seeds having a significant contribution to human nutrition include grains (cereals), nuts, legumes, and cocoa and coffee beans. After overblowing chia forms round fruits, containing many tiny, oval seeds of 2 mm in length and 1 mm in width. An example of a raw material with properties considered very interesting by dietitians and food technologists is Salvia hispanica, commonly called chia. “What to know about chia and flax seeds.” Medical News Today. Bilberry is also packed with anthocyanins, which support healthy blood sugar levels, inflammation, and cardiovascular health. Lastly, antioxidant-rich bilberry reduces blood pressure, regulates cholesterol levels, and strengthens blood vessel walls. Besides, berries and different natural products with low amylase and high glucosidase inhibitory exercises can be viewed as a dietary possibility to control the beginning phases of hyperglycemia related to type 2 diabetes (Lin et al., 2016).Here in, high fat diet increased the pro-apoptotic Bax-to-Bcl-2 gene ratio suggesting occurrence of apoptosis in groups that received high-fat diets, however, the dietary uptake of chia seeds (15%) attenuate this alteration where it elevates the cell resistance via its antioxidant components.In the 1970's Burkitt and Trowell pioneered the link between chronic disease and refined grain by observing that Africans who consumed large quantities of whole plant foods had a lower prevalence of chronic diseases than Western countries where grain products are highly processed.63 Whole grains are comprised of germ, bran, and endosperm.According to the European Union food law, there is a presumption that conventional foodstuffs, in other words food products that have a tradition of use in the EU, may be considered as safe unless new scientific findings indicate otherwise.More research into chia seeds and weight loss is needed before we can draw significant conclusions.Now a days, black chia seeds are most of the seeds cultivated that are identified by spiral and striped coloring.In contrast, refining removes both the germ and bran along with fiber, vitamins, minerals, phenolic compounds, and phytochemicals.30,64 The unique constellation of constituents is thought to confer the beneficial effects of whole grains on chronic disease risk via mechanisms shared by all seeds (see section on Mechanisms for Beneficial Effects of Seeds).Omega‐3 fatty acids, also known as omega‐3 oils, ω‐3 fatty acids, or n‐3 fatty acids, are unsaturated fats distinguished characterized by the existence of a double bond, three atoms apart from the side methyl group in its chemical composition (Innis, 2008). Out come many tiny seeds that quickly sail far away on the wind. Now they are not seeds any more. The seeds grow so round and full they start to burst open a little. After their long trip the seeds settle down. The current perspective was commenced to examine the protective influence of chia seeds ingestion on cardiovascular disease risk factors in high-fat diet-fed rats. Hypertension is the main risk factor for cerebrovascular disease; thus the stronger beneficial effect of reducing sodium and increasing non-sodium mineral intake from dietary sources on stroke risk than CHD risk is ascribable to reductions of blood pressure.111 Indeed, changes in dietary mineral intake like those derived from increased seed consumption are believed to be instrumental in the substantial blood pressure-lowering effect of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet.117 Subgroup analyses indicated stronger benefit in participants at high risk of CVD than in healthy subjects for many outcomes.55 There is also RCT evidence that acute consumption of dark chocolate induces coronary vasodilation.84 Finally, studies support the additional anti-atherogenic effects of cocoa products, such as reduction of oxidative stress, inflammation, and platelet aggregation.83,85 Importantly, there is a negligible risk of weight gain in spite of the high energy content of chocolate, probably related to high satiation.85 Both state institutions and non-governmental organisations issue nutritional recommendations to protect human health, inhibit the development of selected diseases and alleviate their symptoms . Ch-ch-ch-chia isn’t just the gift that grows. For a complete list of Apothecary products as well as product/use descriptions, click here. Omega‐3 unsaturated fattty acids can increased the level of HDL cholesterol, which is the “acceptable” cholesterol that secures against coronary failures and strokes. After comsumption, theses essential fatty acids are converted in the human body to the eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). It contain essential fatty acids like that alpha‐linolenic acid (ALA) and oelic acids. The results demonstrated that chia seed oil supplementation changed the lipid profile in the liver and adipose tissue, decreased leptin, triglycerides, and hepatic cholesterol (Citelli et al., 2016). Among women, but not men, there was an indication of an inverse association for moderate amount of coffee consumption (2-4 cups/d) and risk of CHD (Table 3). The results of the PREDIMED trial74 show the full potential of nuts and other healthy foods such as extra-virgin olive oil to improve cardiovascular health. A meta-analysis of 13 walnut feeding studies48 and a recent pooled analysis of 25 RCTs using various nuts49 indicate a consistent cholesterol-lowering effect (Table 3). Omega-3s also help with brain health and heart health.If you aren’t used to consuming chia seeds, be careful before introducing them into your diet, and don’t hesitate to discuss the potential allergy with a doctor if you aren’t sure.What exactly are the health benefits of chia seeds?Reyes-Caudillo et al. assessed the effect of chia seed extract addition on the degradation rate of beta-carotene in a model system of linoleic acid/beta-carotene in the course of heating at 50 °C.Fernandes and Salas-Mellado examined chia mucilage incorporation on the technological quality of breads and pound cakes with a reduced fat content, and showed it to be an effective fat substitute, preserving quality attributes of food products.In Wu et al.'s57 meta-analysis of 21 prospective cohort studies on coffee and risk of CHD, there was no overall increased risk with greater consumption.Forty male albino rats (with an initial body weight of 180–200 g) were used in this study. Moreover,61 mentioned that feeding an enriched diet in high-fat for a period of 10 weeks augmented the level of plasma glucose. Previous studies verified our findings and recorded that the increased fasting blood glucose level and higher HOMA-IR index, strongly suggest the occurrence of metabolic syndrome59,60. It is opined that rats consuming a high-fat diet are more vulnerable to diabetes and accordingly have insulin resistance. The sternum was dissected to explore the heart and surrounding pericardial fat from the surrounding lungs and the heart was removed for macro-morphological and macro-morphometrical studies.The pericardial fat in all groups was dissected and their mass was weighed using electrical balance, andthen used for quantitative statistical analysis. It has been discovered by ancient Central American civilization to use chia as a food and medicinal source, and more recently it has been extensively used by researchers owing to its different chemical constituents that give essential health advantages to individuals consume it17,18. An essential population behavior is a potent tendency to utilize foods, nutritional supplements, or diets that have reporting of weight loss12,13. The evidence base assembled in this review provides further support for the plant-based dietary patterns recommended by dietary guidelines.132 Several of the intervention studies reviewed55 were conducted with pure flavonoids and had effects similar to those elicited by the parent foods, which suggests that the benefit is at least partly due to these antioxidant molecules. Foods including vegetables and fruits, are superior sources of photochemicals thats known to be good for health (Ignat et al., 2011). These are useful in controlling blood sugar after eating, and provide satiety. It also aid in and rinsing the cholesterol and cancer‐causing chemicals from our body (Holscher, 2017). And yes, they are the same chia seeds sold in “Chia Pet” kits. It is suggested that myocardial apoptosis can commence by ingestion of a high-fat diet and accumulation of fatty acid metabolites, myocardial, and activation of inflammatory processes, and cardiac insufficiency109. Supplementation in chia seeds regenerated the tissue and markedly enhanced these alterations. On the other side, these data could indicate an anti-inflammatory condition related to the elevated alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) contents detected in chia seeds96. Further works are recommended to elucidate the mechanism of action of chia seeds with considering inflammatory status.