Reduced levels of Gα13 in the liver lead to the hypersecretion of ITIH1 from the liver. (A) The bindings of LH, insulin, IGF, and FSH to the cell surface membrane-bound receptors in ovarian cells. The induction of O-GlcNAc transferase results in hypersecretion of ITIH1 from the liver, which is then deposited in the hyaluronan surrounding adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, making insulin less likely to interact with the insulin receptors in those tissues . Insulin resistance measured as glucose-to-insulin ratio and HOMA-IR were also significantly reduced. In 2021, Merviel et al. conducted a review of the literature regarding the impact of myo-inositol on the reproductive outcome of PCOS women undergoing assisted reproductive techniques and found that myo-inositol is effective in restoring ovarian function as well as improving the oocyte and embryo quality . Although similar results have been reported in another study, a significant increase in pregnancy rate has not been found compared to other drugs . Moreover, regularization of the menstrual cycle was noted by the end of six months similar to other studies . Myo-inositol also impacts the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis and reduces the circulating estrogen levels in the blood. Function Studies have shown that diets with higher DII scores are linked to elevated risks of NCD such as CVD, cancer, metabolic diseases and cognitive disorders, but the evidence supporting most outcomes remains inconclusive, highlighting the need for further prospective studies to refine these associations(138).Lastly, Lotfi et al.(160) uncovered a substantial negative correlation between adherence to the MD and odds of developing obesity or becoming overweight.So, there is a strategic relevance and importance of the nutritional assessment and body composition evaluation of women with PCOS that needs to be considered a crucial step in managing this syndrome .Vegetables and fruits have been reported to have beneficial effects, possibly due to their antioxidant properties(225,226).Comprehensive programs facilitated by multidisciplinary, interprofessional teams that combine dietary recommendations with specific cognitive and behavioral strategies result in greater long-term patient adherence to lifestyle modifications.Short for Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, this eating plan is similar to the Mediterranean diet.No one notices them and you get all the health benefits.Elagolix (ORILISSA™) is a second-generation, low-molecular-weight non-peptide GnRH receptor antagonist that lowers blood levels of ovarian sex hormones.Take this quiz to determine whether you’re experiencing inflammation or if you’re at risk for inflammatory diseases. Similarly, chronic inflammation is a recognised feature of cancer, where it facilitates tumour progression and metastasis(6), and cognitive disorders have also been linked to systemic inflammation, which is believed to promote neuronal damage and cognitive decline(7). In type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), pro-inflammatory cytokines can induce insulin resistance by interfering with insulin signalling pathways(5). The mechanisms of this diet include the modulation of the gut microbiota and the gut-brain axis, the regulation of inflammatory pathways, a reduction in oxidative stress, and the promotion of neuroplasticity. Ling, Z, and Liu, J. Research progress on Mediterranean diet and health. Xiao, M, Shi, S, Wu, F, Yao, J, Wen, X, and Shen, Y. Study on application effect and compliance of modified DASH diet inpatients with H-type hypertension under the medical community model of general practitioner+. A wealth of existing research underscores the intricate and pervasive link between chronic inflammation and major NCD(141,142). Thorough validation procedures have then been applied to the DII to ensure its reliability across various demographic groups, and its development was rooted in a comprehensive examination and synthesis of scientific literature regarding the relationship between diet and inflammation(126). Some studies suggest that the use of culinary spices and herbs exhibit anti-inflammatory properties by activating PPAR α and γ (PPAR γ)(105). The specific dietary composition that should be implemented remains quite controversial, which can be considered a challenge for clinicians. As for dietary treatment, should be taken into consideration a negative energy balance in order to achieve an energy deficit. Nutritional macro and micronutrient composition have positive effects on glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammation, and hormonal balance. Five studies 32, 34, 35, 37, 39 had a high risk of reporting bias, and three studies 31, 38, 40 had a low risk of reporting bias. However, because the number of studies reporting concentrations of SHBG was limited, no subgroup analysis was conducted. Because the number of studies reporting on LDL-C was limited, no subgroup analysis was conducted. However, in the long-term studies (≥12 weeks) 34, 35, 40, no significant difference was observed in the effects of HPDs and BDs on TG reduction (Supplementary Table 3). Six studies 31, 32, 34, 35, 37, 40 reported changes in TG levels. Statistical analysis Several prospective cohort studies suggested that a higher intake of fruits, vegetables, and fish protect against PD 34,35. A 4-month pilot study was conducted on 23 individuals with BD or schizophrenia and existing metabolic abnormalities . Diets high in fat and sugar can result in gut dysbiosis, systemic inflammation, and neurodegeneration . An activated immune system, often referred to as “inflammaging”, can cause tissue damage and increase the risk of cardiometabolic disorders and depression . As gut bacteria need nutritional fibers (“prebiotics”) for their survival, a diet rich in different sources of fibers, stemming from whole grain, fruit and vegetables, benefits a diverse gut microbiome . A small systematic review published in the Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics showed that there wasn’t much differences between these diets and that it was weight loss that improved PCOS. The time factor is particularly relevant to BMS, as women are advised not to get pregnant for at least 12–18 months postsurgery 32 with a minimum interval of 12 months due to risk of nutritional deficiencies and rapidity of weight loss with careful consideration of further reduction in this time interval in select cases after assessing potential risks.33 However, it must be noted that there is uncertainty as to the benefit of this delay between surgery and pregnancy.34 This should be examined in more robust interventional studies especially in women with PCOS rather than obesity only. The risk of SGA following bariatric surgery is likely related to the catabolic state and weight loss during pregnancy if the pregnancy occurs within the first 12 months postsurgery as these women can continue to lose weight even during pregnancy.28 Despite a lower weight, women who get pregnant at a longer interval postsurgery have a reduced risk of neonatal complications compared to those who get pregnant within the first 12 months.28 We contacted the authors of ten studies for additional data58,67 and received necessary data from five studies.6062,64 Data from four non-responding studies were imputed following Cochrane Handbook recommendations.37 Data from one RCT67 was not able to be included in the meta-analysis due to insufficient data and was summarised narratively. The influence of individual studies on the overall effect size estimate was explored with a leave-one-out analysis. Standardised mean differences (SMD) (for the difference between the intervention group (IG) and control group (CG) change score) and 95% CI were calculated as HRQOL was reported in the included studies with different outcome measures. Following this, we reviewed full texts, and if required data could not be extracted from the published studies, we requested the required data for meta-analysis from corresponding authors. The most common chronic diseases were type two diabetes, musculoskeletal conditions and cardiovascular conditions. Dietary intervention assessment The second limitation is that the limited duration of intervention (4–16 weeks) in current studies, covering up the truly long-term effects of HPDs and calling for the requirement of further research focusing longer intervention. The strength of this study is that it included RCTs involving patients with PCOS undergoing high-protein interventions and relative subgroup analyses as a means of reducing study heterogeneity. The upper limit of protein intake and intervention duration is not clearly defined, but based on included studies, basically, HPD up to 1.66 g/kg/day or accounts for 25–30% of the total energy intake for 4–16 weeks does not pose adverse effects. High adherence to the MIND diet was linked to a 53% reduced risk of AD, and even moderate adherence offered a 35% risk reduction . An observational study found that high adherence to the MIND diet was linked to reduced cognitive decline . The MIND diet emphasizes green leafy vegetables, nuts, berries, beans, whole grains, fish, poultry, olive oil, and moderate wine consumption, while limiting red meats, butter, cheese, sweets, and fried foods . When it comes to nutritional therapy for RA, the MD and fish consumption are among the most commonly cited dietary interventions(212–216). Furthermore, the MD resulted in a lower incidence of major cardiovascular events, particularly among male participants, based on a study involving 1002 patients with established CHD, solidifying the clinical recommendation of the MD as an effective intervention for secondary cardiovascular prevention(207). It was also suggested that a more pro-inflammatory diet was independently related to elevated risks of CVD and mortality in the general population(186). These cytokines, along with hs-CRP, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and the development of chronic diseases such as T2DM(169–171). Data-monitor healthcare obtained high-quality PCOS prevalence data from a systematic study and meta-analysis of the PCOS burden . Another study has reported that females with PCOS have a greater incidence of obesity, which can aggravate PCOS-related risk factors such as IR and metabolic disease . In this Harvard Medical School Guide you’ll be introduced to foods — more than 120 in all — that will help you turn out meals that fight inflammation and disease. The BrAIN diet shows promise as an aid to manage mental and neurodegenerative disorders. Based on this evidence, we designed the Brain Anti-Inflammatory Nutrition (BrAIN) diet. Conversely, ultra-processed foods, red meat, and sugary beverages may be harmful. Notably, a recent study has shown that a gna13 (Gα13) deficit in hepatocytes in response to hyperglycemic stimuli causes hyperglycemia and IR in other organs, such as the skeletal muscles and adipose tissue . Therefore, the study authors suggested that SLC16A13 could be a potential target for treating NAFLD and T2D . Genes such as PLIN, ACADM (both lipid metabolic genes), FABP4, CD36 (both genes are involved in fatty acid transport), BCAT1 (an amino acid catabolic gene), and CCL2 (involved in inflammation) are upregulated in the fatty liver . The study reported a strong association between IR and patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3) in the progression of hepatic fibrosis. Hence, the SREBP-1c upstreaming depends on the mTORC1 induction, and mTORC1 is independent of the insulin signaling in liver insulin receptor knockout mice . Equally, fermented products owe their potential health benefits to the active participation of beneficial microorganisms(Reference Dimidi, Cox and Rossi92). For instance, fatty fish, a source of ω-3 fatty acids, has well-documented anti-inflammatory properties, while excessive consumption of red or processed meats, high in ω-6 and saturated fatty acids, may tip the balance towards a more pro-inflammatory state(Reference Mozaffarian and Wu82). In animal products, on the other hand, the ratio of essential fatty acids contributes to the overall effect on inflammation(Reference Simopoulos81). Recent research has found that peptides isolated from plant proteins, specifically those of the Leguminosae family such as soybeans and beans, can modulate some pro-inflammatory molecules (e.g. eicosanoids, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), nitric oxide (NO), iNOS, COX-2, as well as many cytokines/chemokines)(Reference Reyes-Díaz, Del-Toro-Sánchez and Rodríguez-Figueroa69). Therefore, with regard to nuts and seeds, tailored approaches considering individual factors such as allergies and energetic intakes are essential to maximise their benefits while minimising potential risks. Reducing one’s intake of UPFs may be an important strategy in dietary interventions to improve mental and brain health.Anti-inflammatory foods include those rich in omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, and dietary fibers, such as fatty fish, leafy green vegetables, berries, nuts, and olive oil .To adopt an anti-inflammatory dietary pattern, it is recommended to replace refined grains with whole grains, substitute healthy fats (such as nuts, seeds and fatty fish) for saturated and trans fats and increase the consumption of colourful fruits and vegetables while reducing the intake of sugary and processed foods.FW and PJL conceptualized the study and reviewed the manuscript for intellectual content.This profile includes an increased intake of anti-inflammatory foods such as fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, legumes, fish, nuts, and natural spices, while reducing the consumption of pro-inflammatory foods high in sugar, salt, and fat.This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of myo-inositol and its clinical, hormonal, and metabolic profile in treating women with PCOS.We were also unable to determine the potential influence of the presence of more than one chronic disease due to the rates of multimorbidity being poorly reported in the original trials. SAA is increased in PCOS women and is elevated by the intake of simple sugars. Indeed, inflammation is considered to be the key feature of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Common criteria established by the Rotterdam Conference in 2003 include at least two of three characteristics; oligomenorrhea, clinical and/or biochemical hyperandrogenism, and ultrasound PCO criteria in the absence of other diseases. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a frustrating experience for women, often complex for managing clinicians; and is a scientific challenge for researchers. The blood-brain barrier is a bidirectional communication system between the innate immune system of the brain and the peripheral immune system and was initially thought to be an insulator against peripheral inflammation. An unregulated inflammatory response also significantly negatively affects neurocognitive function. Cancer cells express antigens that may be recognized by the human immune system, thereby upregulating proinflammatory cytokines and mediators and the ongoing activation of immune cells. Cardiovascular disease is the most common underlying cause of death in the United States. However, leukocytes are important causes of injury to normal cells and tissues during a normal inflammatory response. These foods tend to be high in saturated fat, unlike low-fat dairy products. Along with processed meat like bacon, hot dogs, and sausage, these meats have a lot of pro-inflammatory saturated fat. It’s best to avoid or limit food and drinks with added sugars, including agave and honey, if possible. Sugar causes your body to release inflammatory messengers called cytokines. These include foods with few nutrients that are often ultra-processed, fried, and high in added sugar, salt, or saturated fat. We designed this step by step plan to teach you our proven framework for PCOS weight loss and we want to support you along the way! During the 10 years I spent investigating my health, I lost 30 pounds, cleared my cystic acne and ovarian cysts, and felt like I had a mental rebirth. ✔️ 12 full length workout videos for a 4 week period designed with ourproven PCOS weight loss method The frequency of obese women with PCOS is greater than that of the general female population compared to their lean counterparts . For example, vitamin D supplementation may improve reproductive function in women with PCOS by restoring regular menstrual cycles. It is of great interest to find appropriate nutritional interventions that would be highly appealing as a therapeutic lifestyle approach to clinically managing this pathology (Fig. 2). However, there is a lack of evidence regarding the effect of this lifestyle intervention on improving glucose tolerance or lipid profiles and assessing clinical reproductive outcomes, such as quality of life and treatment satisfaction . Thus, myo-inositol is a safe drug with better patient compliance, which, in turn, leads to better therapeutic outcomes in PCOS patients. It was also observed that the majority of women regained regular menstrual cycles and spontaneous ovulation compared to the placebo group . Almost all women regained their regularity of menstrual cycles whereas there was no change in those treated with placebo . The study was to investigate the effect of anti-inflammatory dietary combo on metabolic, endocrine, inflammatory, and reproductive profiles in overweight and obese women with PCOS. But when we eat anti-inflammatory foods, we reduce the inflammation in our body, and thus reduce any symptoms caused by inflammation and, ultimately, our risk for chronic disease. One study, in the Journal of Nutrition in 2018, found that those who followed an anti-inflammatory diet had significantly lower levels of CRP (an inflammation marker) compared to those with alternative diets. Highlights dietary strategies to reduce inflammation, lower disease risk, and improve mood and energy levels. The primary outcomes were the clinical parameters described earlier including hormonal parameters such as FSH, LH, and LH/FSH, as well as metabolic parameters including FBS, fasting insulin, and HOMA-IR. Of the 100 women, only 90 (90%) completed the study, and the other 10 (10%) were lost on follow-up. Inclusion criteria included women aged years who presented with PCOS as per the Rotterdam criteria (ESHRE/ASRM 2003) and agreed to participate in the study after providing written informed consent. The above observations and evidence have gained momentum and thrown light on myo-inositol as a potential insulin-sensitizing agent to be utilized as a treatment option in PCOS patients to restore metabolic function and consequently ovulation. Removing any of these studies did not cause the I2 to decrease to below 50%. C Homoeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance/Forest plots of the effect of HPDs on HOMA-IR. These results indicate that both interventions similarly reduced WC and WHR. Removing any of the seven studies did not cause the I2 to decrease to below 50%. These studies were parallel-design, single-centre trials conducted in the United States 32, 37, Australia 33, 34, Brazil , Iran 35, 36, 38, and China 38, 39. Thymoquinone treatment also reversed the elevated biochemical parameters, including plasma glucose, triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c), LH, and FSH . Sativa exhibits potential effects against PCOS (Table 2). Similarly, various experimental animal studies have determined that N. Furthermore, in a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial of 84 women with PCOS who had oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea, the administration of N. Changes in the gut microbiota have been linked to alterations in neurotransmitter levels, including serotonin and dopamine, crucial for mood and behaviour regulation(Reference Kurowska, Ziemichód and Herbet277). This dietary approach has also demonstrated improved cognitive function and attenuated cognitive decline in older individuals with higher DASH scores(Reference Tangney, Li and Wang283,Reference Wengreen, Munger and Cutler289) . A greater alignment with the MD has been linked to improved cognitive function, slower cognitive decline and a lower risk of cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease(Reference McGrattan, McGuinness and McKinley273). The DASH diet, on the other hand, focuses on the consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, poultry, fish, low-fat dairy products and nuts with low Na, fats, sugar and red meat intakes(Reference Wengreen, Munger and Cutler289). This, in turn, triggers the activation of microglia and astrocytes, adopting pro-inflammatory phenotypes that contribute to the progression of neurodegenerative processes(Reference Walker, Ficek and Westbrook274). Cognitive impairment is an escalating global concern, with projections estimating over 100 million adults diagnosed with dementia by 2050, presenting a substantial challenge to public health(Reference Sartori, Vance and Slater272). Additionally, there was a linear association between the DII score and CRC risk, with an increase of 1 point in the DII score corresponding to a 7 % increased risk of CRC(Reference Shivappa, Godos and Hébert270). An Anti-inflammatory diet is an eating plan that focuses on the consumption of foods and beverages with low levels of inflammation. Various mechanisms, including decreased inflammation, attenuated oxidative stress, decreased IR, diminished insulin levels, lowered plasma concentrations of LH, and androgen, and reduced LH/FSH ratio, have been proposed to improve menstrual cycles with normal ovulation in women with PCOS. The result of a retrospective cohort study including 1545 women reveals that PCOS is an independent risk factor in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) for preeclampsia, obesity, elevated blood pressure, and blood glucose levels . While acute inflammation is crucial for protection, prolonged or extreme inflammation can contribute to various health issues, including autoimmune diseases and chronic conditions. In the fast-paced modern world, chronic inflammation poses a widespread health concern linked to various conditions and inflammatory diseases. While this review is qualitative in nature, quantitative studies are needed, such as meta-analyses or systematic reviews, that include a number of supplements with similar benefits.Therefore, large-scale clinical trials are needed to explore the potential benefits of myoinositol in women with PCOS.Other nutrients, such as short chain fatty acids, vitamin B12, Se, dietary fibre, genistein and probiotics, have all been found to alleviate psoriasis by suppressing inflammatory pathways or inducing regulatory T cells(239).The MIND diet emphasizes green leafy vegetables, nuts, berries, beans, whole grains, fish, poultry, olive oil, and moderate wine consumption, while limiting red meats, butter, cheese, sweets, and fried foods .These nutrients possess anti-inflammatory properties by acting as antioxidants, modulating pro-inflammatory enzyme activities and gene expression and inhibiting transcription factors, including TNF-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), COX-2, IL-6, IL-8 and NF-κB(Reference Boots, Drent and de Boer45,Reference Boots, Drent and de Boer45,Reference Guo, Wang and Liao46) . In addition, lactic acid bacteria and Bifidobacterium strains present in fermented dairy products have also been reported to suppress inflammation by modulating the immune response, reducing oxidative stress and inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines(Reference Tsai, Cheng and Pan103,Reference Lomax and Calder104) . These microbial constituents not only contribute to maintaining a balanced gut microbiota but also regulate inflammatory processes and gut barrier integrity, thereby protecting against various diseases(Reference Nielsen, Garnås and Jensen93–Reference Kil, Jung and Lee96). Traditionally, fermentation has been employed as a preservation technique for foods, but this process has gained recent attention due to its ability to enhance nutritional qualities and produce bioactive compounds with promising health benefits(Reference Shahbazi, Sharifzad and Bagheri85). This condition has been shown to be closely linked to the development of insulin resistance, a precursor to T2DM(145).So far, anti-inflammatory diets have garnered attention as a lifestyle approach to modulating this unregulated immune response.The study found that those who adopted this healthy lifestyle showed improved cognitive function compared to those who did not.They may look healthy from their appearance but they are linked to heart disease and inflammation.This comprehensive AIP food list outlines what foods to eat and avoid while following the Autoimmune Protocol for managing your autoimmune condition.The second limitation is that the limited duration of intervention (4–16 weeks) in current studies, covering up the truly long-term effects of HPDs and calling for the requirement of further research focusing longer intervention.These compounds suppress the activity of enzymes involved in the generation of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, including NADPH oxidase, myeloperoxidase and iNOS(48). Understanding the major components (Table 1) of this dietary approach is essential to evaluating its potential effect on chronic inflammation and, subsequently, chronic diseases. The rationale for anti-inflammatory diets (including but not limited to the Mediterranean diet (MD)) lies in their capacity to decrease levels of pro-inflammatory biomarkers and positively influence pathways involved in the inflammatory cascade. Given the implications of chronic inflammation in NCD, there is increasing focus on dietary patterns and individual nutrients that may modulate inflammatory processes. Martini et al. discussed the potential mechanisms by which UPFs might affect gastrointestinal health, including altering the composition of the gut microbiota, damaging the gut’s epithelial barrier, and increasing intestinal permeability . A cross-sectional study reported that a higher consumption of UPFs is linked to a 26% higher risk of gastrointestinal disorders . Coffee 126,127,128,129 and green tea 115,130,131,132,133,134 contain bioactive compounds that exert anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, probiotic and neuroprotective effects. To summarize, while not a primary food group, incorporating a variety of herbs and spices into the diet may provide additional anti-inflammatory benefits. A list of anti inflammatory drinks you can have daily include It’s a great starting point if you are looking at anti-inflammatory foods as medicine. They’ll also remove grains and legumes completely from your diet as they’re thought to be inflammatory. Anti-inflammatory diets often incorporate various spices and herbs known for their bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties(Reference Serafini and Peluso48). These mechanisms are thought to underlie their ability to mitigate inflammation in a variety of contexts, including gastrointestinal disorders, allergies and autoimmune diseases. Short-chain fatty acids, including butyrate, propionate and acetate, are produced via the fermentation of dietary fibres by gut microbiota(Reference Zoetendal, Raes and van den Bogert98). The anti-inflammatory effects of soya are mediated by its phytoestrogen content, particularly daidzein and genistein, which have been shown to reduce systemic inflammation(Reference Asbaghi, Yaghubi and Nazarian77). Furthermore, the consumption of soya products has been linked to reduced levels of inflammatory markers, including IL-6, TNF-α and CRP(Reference Wu, Shu and Chow76,Reference Asbaghi, Yaghubi and Nazarian77) . Overindulgence of alcohol can create by-products that can spike the levels of inflammation and harm your liver.Folic acid supplementation can reduce BMI, especially in patients with PCOS and high homocysteine levels (52).Lectin can affect the gut and contribute to a lack of absorption of other nutrients.Processed foods contain high levels of salt, sugar, artificial sugars, and preservatives, all of which will create inflammation.Clinicians in various specialties can use these findings to support recommending dietary changes to improve overall health status.These 18 studies were conducted across various regions, comprising Europe (3), North America (5), Oceania (4), and Asia (6). We found few intervention studies examining the effects of dietary changes on PD progression. In this systematic review of adults with at least one chronic disease, anti-inflammatory diets led to small and possibly not clinically relevant, improvements in physical component HRQOL. Few studies assessed and reported the anti-inflammatory potential of their dietary interventions, making it challenging to determine whether variations in dietary adherence, nutrient composition or anti-inflammatory potential influenced the outcomes. Our interpretation was hampered by poor descriptions of interventions, limited reporting of assessment and adherence data and intervention fidelity, and the observation that only five of 23 studies met criteria for ‘adequate’ anti-inflammatory dietary quality. Because HOMA-IR here was calculated using a formula instead of a hyperinsulinaemic (euglycaemic) clamp , the value was influenced by both FPG and FINS. Our analysis revealed a mild reduction in HOMA-IR, with this reduction primarily attributable to the findings of Dou et al. . Moreover, HPDs is with a corresponding reduction of carbohydrates, which could improve insulin sensitivity, enhance pancreatic β-cell function and endogenous insulin clearance . However, HPDs and BDs had comparable effects on weight loss, abdominal adiposity, lipid profiles, and reproductive hormones (all P ≥ 0.05). Data were pooled using random-effects models and expressed as weighted mean differences and 95% confidence intervals. The optimal dietary regimen for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) has not been identified. Eating a wide range of plant-based foods can help you get a healthy amount of polyphenols, fibre, vitamins, and minerals. But chronic, or long-term, inflammation can be harmful. Nevertheless, the results obtained indicate the legitimacy of continuing research related to the influence of diet on the concentration of all androgens. It is important that these changes can be achieved in slim girls without the need to reduce body weight, which is not justified. This indicates that as a result of the use of an AIDiet in girls with PCOS, metabolic benefits related to improving insulin sensitivity and reducing insulin resistance typical of PCOS can be expected. However, we did not expect that, as a result of the intervention, we would obtain an unfavourable increase in the MDA being an oxidative stress index (observed only in the N group) and a slight increase in the concentration of CRP (in the Ov/Ob group). Besides, it should be noted, that, as reported by other authors, certain ingredients with antioxidant activity can reverse inflammation caused by free oxygen radicals (ROS, reactive oxygen species) and OS8,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53. Exogenous antioxidants, such as vitamins, minerals, polyphenols, cannot be synthesized by the body in sufficient quantities or at all, and must be ingested through diet. SCFAs, particularly butyrate, have anti-inflammatory properties and may influence brain function and behavior . This diet blends elements of the Mediterranean and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. Chronic inflammation, with many inflammatory biomarkers originated from adipocytes, is consistently observed in diabetic patients, correlating with the prevalence, incidence and severity of diabetes and its complications(162–166). After that, subsequent validation efforts have confirmed its ability to effectively evaluate the inflammatory impact of diets and its consistent performance across diverse population(127–136). Consequently, the spices in our diet may function as broad-spectrum PPAR activators that can improve insulin sensitivity, mitigate dyslipidaemia and counteract weight gain(105). Consuming a balanced diet that includes fruits and vegetables, specifically cruciferous vegetables, garlic and other foods high in folic acid, vitamin B12, Se and vitamin D, may protect against cancer and reduce the risk of breast cancer, colorectal cancer and prostate cancer by 60–70 % and lung cancer by 40–50 %(262). Immune cells, including macrophages, cytotoxic T cells, and natural killer cells, generate cytokines that can either support tumour immunity or contribute to the development of chronic inflammation(255). The consumption of a pro-inflammatory diet can sustain inflammation over time, fostering the emergence of cancers in specific body regions(252). Chronic inflammation, particularly, is closely linked to type 2 diabetes, but this study, by JAMA Internal Medicine, showed that people who followed an anti-inflammatory diet had a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes.Anti-inflammatory diets are distinguished by a strategic selection of foods rich in key nutrients including dietary fibre, vitamin C, vitamin E, ω-3 fatty acids, Zn and polyphenols(Reference Ling and Zabetakis15,Reference Stumpf, Keller and Gressies16) .While genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of these diseases, there is growing evidence suggesting that nutrition can modulate immunological and inflammatory responses(210).Myo-inositol and D-chiro-inositol are the two most clinically important isoforms of inositol; as secondary messengers of insulin, an imbalance between them is key to IR (29).The mechanisms may include a deficiency of insulin-sensitizing adipokines such as adiponectin in favor of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha; in turn, hyperinsulinemia also promotes adiposity, closing the vicious circle.Any improvements in inflammation may be due to weight loss rather than the specific elimination of inflammatory foods or the addition of anti-inflammatory fats(179).More than half of Americans have inadequate dietary intake of magnesium .Bell peppers, especially bright colored ones are all potent anti-inflammatory foods. We also proved that increasing the supply of vegetable protein by 10 g per day significantly reduced the probability (OR, odds ratio) of overweight and obesity in girls with PCOS. Adhering to the MD means eating foods rich in fibres and vegetal proteins, among other things. This is the most important aspect given that we previously demonstrated that nutritional habits in PCOS girls differ unfavourably from those of their healthy peers, with a higher content of fats, cholesterol, and sugars and a lower content of fibres12. What Is Flexitarian Diet? Benefits for Health and Weight loss Additionally, ω-3 fatty acids may inhibit the differentiation of CD4 + T cells into pro-inflammatory Th17 cells(Reference Kim, Lim and Kim224). This results in less joint pain and stiffness as well as improved overall disease management(Reference Sigaux, Mathieu and Nguyen223). They modulate inflammatory processes by being converted into bioactive lipid mediators such as resolvins and protectins. Furthermore, eicosapentaenoic acid inhibits two groups of enzymes involved in eicosanoid biosynthesis, the cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases, thereby limiting the production of inflammatory molecules(Reference Siriwardhana, Kalupahana and Moustaid-Moussa218,Reference Calder219) . A low consumption of the ω-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid tends to increase the amount of arachidonic acid in cells, and eicosapentaenoic acid replaces arachidonic acid in cell membranes, which reduces arachidonic acid available for pro-inflammatory molecules production. Chromium picolinate has been shown to improve insulin resistance and metabolic health in women with PCOS 64, 65.Cytokines in this inflammatory milieu can enhance tumour cell growth, invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis, while concurrently impairing the function of immune cells(Reference Lin and Karin255).International recommendations indicate that weight control is one of the main treatment strategies for PCOS since obesity worsens the clinical presentation of this syndrome .It has been observed that there is an increased urinary excretion of inositol in patients with PCOS leading to its deficiency .At the same time, this meta-analysis has some limitations.Many clinical trials have shown that berberine is at least as good as metformin for treating insulin resistance in PCOS patients 95-97.Sativa + 2,400 mg/kg of honey for 28 days in letrozole-induced PCOS Wistar rats both resulted in significant improvements in plasma levels of LH, FSH, estrogen, testosterone, and progesterone . Anti-inflammatory dietary patterns demonstrate the capacity to reduce serum hs-CRP levels while improving endothelial function. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory diets demonstrated efficacy in lowering triglyceride levels among individuals with pre-existing conditions at baseline. Random-effects meta-analysis and forest plot of the association between pro-inflammatory diet and high-sensitivity c-reactive protein. The consumption of dietary fiber is believed to confer anti-inflammatory effects by enhancing the synthesis of anti-inflammatory short-chain fatty acids and various metabolites derived from the gut (37, 38). Currently, several evidence-based anti-inflammatory dietary patterns are prominent in clinical research, including Mediterranean diet, Nordic diet, DASH diet, Ketogenic diet, and Vegan diet. Use this anti-inflammatory grocery list to plan your anti-inflammatory diet. If you have Hashimoto’s disease, you may wonder about the worst foods for Hashimoto’s. An anti-inflammatory diet improves ulcerative colitis. Sip your way to health with this dietitian-approved guide featuring turmeric tea, kombucha, pomegranate juice, and more. We'll cover the best dietary choices to manage psoriasis symptoms and improve overall well-being. Additionally, there was evidence of improved inflammation markers hs-CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations(Reference Kenđel Jovanović, Mrakovcic-Sutic and Pavičić Žeželj159). A four-month cross-sectional study of 535 adolescent participants(Reference Gholamalizadeh, Ahmadzadeh and BourBour157) reported that individuals with a lower DII tended to consume more fibre, lutein and beta-carotene, while simultaneously consuming less SFA, MUFA and PUFA, as well as oleic acid and linoleic acid. Within the adipose tissue, M2-like adipose tissue macrophages play important roles in maintaining tissue homeostasis through suppressing adipocyte precursor proliferation, promoting dead adipocyte removal and releasing anti-inflammatory cytokines like IL-1Rα, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13. Research evidence supports a link between obesity and an elevated inflammatory state(Reference Ellulu, Patimah and Khaza’ai151). The tyrosine phosphorylation increases the intrinsic kinase activity of insulin receptors. When encountering this steeply increased insulin level, the liver activates insulin-dependent signaling pathways to accommodate the rise. It is well known that insulin concentration in the portal vein after food can be three times greater than in peripheral vessels . In the liver and adipose tissue, insulin initiates lipid synthesis and storage, while hepatic ketogenesis and gluconeogenesis in the liver are inhibited by insulin. For example, in skeletal muscle and the liver, insulin stimulates protein synthesis, glucose storage, and glycolysis. Additionally, there was evidence of improved inflammation markers hs-CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations(159). A four-month cross-sectional study of 535 adolescent participants(157) reported that individuals with a lower DII tended to consume more fibre, lutein and beta-carotene, while simultaneously consuming less SFA, MUFA and PUFA, as well as oleic acid and linoleic acid. This condition has been shown to be closely linked to the development of insulin resistance, a precursor to T2DM(145). Bluebird Provisions makes the best bone broth to reduce inflammation. This ensures you are getting enough of the powerful anti-inflammatory compounds like glycine, proline, glucosamine and chondroitin. The number one thing you can drink to reduce inflammation is bone broth. For example, we need inflammation to help us recover from injury or to fight off infections. Strictly Necessary Cookie should be enabled at all times so that we can save your preferences for cookie settings. Anti-Inflammatory Dietary Combo in Overweight and Obese Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. In another double-blind study among 42 patients, Constantino et al. in 2003 found that there was a significant decrease in circulating free testosterone and free insulin levels, as well as a decrease in triglycerides and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The first-line intervention in the management of PCOS is lifestyle modifications, including dietary changes and increased physical activity. Anti-inflammatory diets that lower your odds of heart disease, diabetes, and cancer may also protect the brain. Activation of inflammation and coagulation after infusion of C-reactive protein in humans. B-Hydroxybutyrate mediated epigenetic modification and its molecular mechanism of regulating inflammation. Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes. Mediterranean diet pyramid today. Knuuti, J, Wijns, W, Saraste, A, Capodanno, D, Barbato, E, Funck-Brentano, C, et al. 2019 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes. They can refer you to health professionals who can help. Tell your doctor if you have trouble adopting anti-inflammatory habits, especially if you can’t manage stress or get good sleep. But inflammation that never goes away can hurt your body or make you sick. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is an antioxidant that has anti-inflammatory properties. Omega-3 fats reduce inflammation which is one of the underlying drivers of all PCOS symptoms. Fish oil and the omega-3 fatty acids they contain are widely understood to be good for cardiovascular health. Zinc supplementation in PCOS patients can improve hormonal imbalances. No one dietary strategy can be preferentially recommended based on current evidence. The first‐line treatment is lifestyle interventions though the weight loss and any impact on fertility are limited. Many women with PCOS describe significant difficulty losing weight and treatment options are limited. Sativa can be used as a herbal medicine for the management of PCOS in women as an integrative medicine, along with traditional and modern medicine in conjunction with diet restrictions and increased physical activity. It is only highly processed meat like deli meats and hot dogs are that are inflammatory. Drinking at least 8 glasses of water a day is very important for your health. It typically consists mainly of different color vegetables, fruits, animal protein sources and healthy fats. Refined carbohydrates (think baked goods), sugary drinks are also known to increase inflammation (54). As previous reports have determined, dietary patterns are essential in PCOS treatment. PCOS is mainly related to women with obesity; however, there are many PCOS lean patients too. But people who are allergic to any of these foods can modify it according to their preference. The above given anti-inflammatory diet plan can promote the proper functioning of the body. Foods That Cause Inflammation This includes being overweight, having insulin resistance, and taking medications 43-49. More than half of Americans have inadequate dietary intake of magnesium . But dietary supplements can help a lot too. A small systematic review published in the Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics showed that there wasn’t much differences between these diets and that it was weight loss that improved PCOS.Anti-inflammatory dietary patterns may ameliorate CVD risk factors through the modulation of inflammatory mediators and metabolic factors, potentially leading to improved cardiovascular outcomes.Studies evaluating the efficacy of various therapies to delay symptoms onset indicate that therapies initiated earlier in life and sustained, such as an anti-inflammatory diet, promote an overall reduction in disease development and progression.In addition, based on the principles of the diet, a set of easy-to-follow recipes was prepared for them.Trans fats are pro-inflammatory and should be avoided (53).There is evidence implying that vitamin D deficiency occurs commonly in obese PCOS patients 48,49.These findings suggest that adherence to a typical anti-inflammatory diet reduces coronary vessel inflammation and the overall risk of CHD development.Subsequently, the results were pooled for meta-analysis as mean differences with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).B-Hydroxybutyrate mediated epigenetic modification and its molecular mechanism of regulating inflammation.Regardless of androgen concentrations and adiposity levels, these women have elevated serum insulin and IR. These same endocrines and metabolic disorders that develop from PCOS give these patients an increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), infertility , cardiovascular diseases (CVD) , negative maternal/neonatal outcomes , adrenal incidentalomas , among others. The anti-inflammatory diet plan gives you a choice of experimenting with a variety of nutritious and flavorful foods. They may look healthy from their appearance but they are linked to heart disease and inflammation. Here is an Indian Anti-inflammatory diet plan along with a list of anti-inflammatory foods. The complexity of these mechanisms underscores the potential for diet to have wide-ranging effects on brain health. The potential mechanisms underlying the effects of this dietary pattern are multifaceted and interconnected. The BrAIN diet shares many similarities with established healthy dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean diet 158,159 and the MIND diet (Table 1). In line with the DII, the study of Bolte et al. investigated the relations between individual foods and nutrients and the gut microbiome regarding their pro- or anti-inflammatory potential . Overview of BrAIN diet compared to other anti-inflammatory diets on the food group level, with high (green), moderate (yellow) or limited (orange) recommendation. Numerous clinical studies have confirmed that N. Sativa for the management of women with PCOS. Various clinical and preclinical studies suggest using N. Observations from clinical and preclinical studies written in English were included in this review while duplicates were excluded. This review article is focused on assessing the available clinical and preclinical studies to support the use of N. Leafy Green Vegetables like Broccoli Note that the numbers in parentheses (1, 2, etc.) are clickable links to these studies. With strict editorial sourcing guidelines, we only link to academic research institutions, reputable media sites and, when research is available, medically peer-reviewed studies. DP and WW collected the data, performed the statistical analysis. FW and PJL conceptualized the study and reviewed the manuscript for intellectual content. Due to the high heterogeneity, further research with consideration of different phenotypes of PCOS in larger and broader settings and longer intervention duration is required. These findings are thought to be mediated by several mechanisms, including improved insulin sensitivity, enhanced fat metabolism and reduced inflammation and oxidative stress, all of which contribute to a more favourable energy balance and increased fat oxidation. While acute inflammation represents a necessary and local defense mechanism, it is important to recognise that uncontrolled or chronic inflammation can arise from immunological imbalances, leading to detrimental consequences for overall health. The DII calculation focuses on nutrients and foods which can affect the body’s inflammatory biomarkers, including TNF-α, CRP, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-4 and IL-10. This type of inflammation and hyperandrogenism are linked to saturated fat. These lean PCOS patients may or may not have the cardinal symptoms such as irregular menstrual cycles and acne . There is a broad differential disparity of PCOS diagnosis, and it is due to the different criteria used for the syndrome and differences in geographical and environmental factors in relevant studies. A 4-month pilot study was conducted on 23 individuals with BD or schizophrenia and existing metabolic abnormalities .For example, individuals who consume higher amounts of red and processed meat and fried foods and lower amounts of whole grains have been shown to have elevated levels of inflammatory markers (IL-6, TNF-α and CRP) and experienced more rapid cognitive decline as they aged(278,279).The instrument offers seven criteria to evaluate various forms of bias, including selection bias, implementation bias, attrition bias, measurement bias, reporting bias, and additional biases.A case-control study of 51 women with PCOS and 45 control women determined that the women with PCOS had significantly lowered levels of glutathione (GSH) and TAC, which indicates the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of PCOS .Inositol supplements improve insulin sensitivity and blood sugar regulation 1, 2.Additionally, the intake of fibre, prebiotics and polyphenols supports a diverse and balanced gut microbiota towards an anti-inflammatory profile(Reference Singh, Chang and Yan227,Reference Murtaza, Burke and Vlahovich228) , whereas diets high in saturated fats, sugar and processed foods may disrupt its composition(Reference Tilg, Zmora and Adolph229). Characteristics of reviewed studies assessing the effect of different dietary compositions on obesity in PCOS. These findings may be related to women with PCOS being more likely to perceive themselves at risk of excessive weight gain , , . A better macronutrient distribution of the diet despite not being intended for weight loss may improve the constant inflammatory state. This dietary pattern is considered nutritionally complete and adequate since it is very easy to follow; it is based on the traditional foods that people used to eat in their countries. It is essential to mention and remark that lean women with PCOS need various nutrients, minerals, and vitamins in their diet since they do not need to lose weight or be restricted with their food consumption. Subsequently, several genes, such as INSR (genes for insulin receptor), FSHR (genes for FSH receptor), C9orf3, DENND1A, THADA, ARL14EP, and GATA4/NEIL2, have been validated 153,154. In the “post-GWAS” era, the aims of studies should be directed toward elucidating the relationship between genotype-phenotype traits and the role of environmental changes. It is a familial disorder with a single autosomal prevailing gene impact and variable phenotype, and family history is considered one of the main risk factors for developing PCOS . In the case of NAFLD, the compromised liver leads to decreased androgen metabolism and increased metabolism of SHBG, which propagate through different pathways and cause HA, hyperinsulinemia, and resultant infertility . This suggests that flavonoids may play a role in modulating immune responses and potentially protect against inflammation and tissue damage. These compounds suppress the activity of enzymes involved in the generation of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, including NADPH oxidase, myeloperoxidase and iNOS(Reference Serafini and Peluso48). Additionally, citrus fruits contribute to this anti-inflammatory arsenal also due to flavonoids such as hesperidin and naringenin, which have potentials in regulating oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways(Reference Mahmoud, Hernández Bautista and Sandhu47). Vegetables including onions, asparagus and broccoli, beyond their well-noted fibre and vitamin contents, are also a valuable source of flavonoids such as kaempferol and quercetin(Reference Dabeek and Marra44). COX enzymes also transform arachidonic acid to prostaglandins, and by inhibiting this process, inflammation is decreased(Reference Kundu, Shin and Kim39). Discover the top 9 foods to avoid if you have psoriasis and learn what to eat instead for a healthier diet. Most research has found that adhering to more of the components of an anti-inflammatory diet is more beneficial than selecting single nutrients or foods. People follow anti-inflammatory diets for a whole host of reasons. Li, S. Influence of immune and inflammatory effects on the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease. These results suggest that adopting an anti-inflammatory diet may mitigate CVD risk. Consequently, we advocate for future research to enhance sample sizes, refine study methodologies, and furnish more detailed dietary inventories. Ultimately, we identified 18 eligible randomized controlled trials (including randomized crossover trials), which were subjected to meta-analysis utilizing RevMan 5 and Stata 18. Moving forward, more research is required to identify more comprehensive and integrated biomarkers to fully comprehend the intricate and multifaceted nature of chronic inflammation. Similarly, Sub-Saharan African diets can emphasise traditional leafy greens like moringa and amaranth(Reference Mthiyane, Dludla and Ziqubu307,Reference Kanikowska, Kanikowska and Rutkowski308) . South Asian diets can be enhanced by incorporating whole grains like barley, quinoa and black rice and promoting fish and plant-based proteins. Plus they're loaded with antioxidants and other anti-inflammatory substances. The fiber in oatmeal, brown rice, whole wheat bread, and other whole grains may help with inflammation. These are chemicals in plants that guard against inflammation. While supporting our hypothesis and the scientific evidence that liver diseases, specifically NAFLD, play a significant role in the progression of PCOS, we would like to recommend some drugs that are currently in the pipeline for NAFLD treatment. The findings of another study suggest that supplementation with Myo-Inositol (1200 mg per day) and D-Chiro-Inositol (135 mg per day) for 12 months significantly improved FSH, LH, and progesterone as well as oligomenorrhea and follicle count . In women with PCOS who also exhibit hyperglycemia and IR, metformin is the drug of choice as it can reduce obesity . Similar to PCOS, NAFLD can usually be managed by lifestyle modifications such as exercise or following a low-calorie diet . Since the hypothalamus is the center of negative feedback from circulating estrogen levels, clomiphene prevents the hypothalamus from sensing the circulating estrogen levels and thereby increasing GnRH secretion. 6 Subgroup analysis Inflammation is a normal and vital responsive process to internal injury and many external assaults, including foreign substances or trauma. As general medical knowledge and treatments expand and improve, many once lethal diseases are now treatable or have been eradicated, and disease prevalence has shifted away from acute, communicable processes. This increased longevity has caused a shift in disease prevalence toward noncommunicable diseases. Firstly, several of the studies included did not employ a quantitative scoring system based on the DII and instead relied on prior definitions of anti-inflammatory dietary patterns to assess whether the intervention constituted an anti-inflammatory diet. For healthcare providers, anti-inflammatory diets may serve as a nonpharmacological intervention for both primary and secondary prevention of CVD, potentially synergizing with pharmacological treatments (77). Initially, it furnishes dietitians with a more robust scientific foundation for incorporating anti-inflammatory diets into tailored dietary recommendations for individuals at risk of CVD. These findings highlight how geographic distribution, cultural contexts, and baseline health status may modify the associations between anti-inflammatory diets and CVD risk factors. Various carcinogens, inflammatory agents and factors in the tumour microenvironment can activate NFκB, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and tumour formation(257). During organogenesis and inflammatory responses, NFκB regulates genes essential for cell survival, proliferation, angiogenesis and invasion, crucial for organ growth and healing(258). NFκB, a transcription factor, exhibits heightened activity in various cancer types and plays a pivotal role in the progression of these diseases(257). Cytokines in this inflammatory milieu can enhance tumour cell growth, invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis, while concurrently impairing the function of immune cells(255). On its own, it can help with weight loss, high blood pressure, and PCOS period pain 50-53. That’s because many of the risk factors for insufficient magnesium are common in PCOS. Rates are even higher among PCOS women . These risks are highest in people with darker skin tones that live in northern climates 36-40. In addition, patients were asked to write a 3-day food diary before and after the intervention to assess their diet regarding energy and macronutrient content33. One hour-and-a-half-long workshops held by a dietitian (M.M.) were conducted individually with the participation of girls and their parents, the aim being to provide knowledge about the relationship between the use of an anti-inflammatory diet and health consequences (clinical, metabolic, hormonal, and immunological). Ov/Ob group—a group of PCOS overweight/obese girls being on the anti-inflammatory diet (AIDiet). Study participants were not blinded, as both groups received the same dietary intervention. While very low energy diets can result in significant weight loss the evidence for impact on fertility is limited. In addition, elevated levels of MDA and lowered levels of SOD and TAC have been observed among women with PCOS in a nested case-control study of 50 women with PCOS and 50 control women . A case-control study of 51 women with PCOS and 45 control women determined that the women with PCOS had significantly lowered levels of glutathione (GSH) and TAC, which indicates the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of PCOS . Moreover, the study participants showed significant improvements in plasma levels of LH, fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index, cholesterol, triglycerides, and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) . Patients with metabolic syndrome, including obesity, hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and other chronic conditions, may prefer traditional herbal medicine . "Start by slowly making changes so that these become more of a lifestyle shift rather than 'going on a diet,'" Moore says. Other food components that may help fight inflammation include "To these, many people add herbs and spices like cinnamon, ginger, and turmeric. There are a few studies that suggest modest benefits," Rimm says. "White flour leads directly to a pro-inflammatory state," Rimm says. Inflammation-promoting foods include white breads, cereals, white pasta, and other products made with refined flours, as well as white rice. However, it should be emphasized that despite the limitations mentioned above, the girls did not report any adverse events or side effects related to the dietary intervention, which indicates the validity and safety of the diet. It is worth mentioning that pro-inflammatory dietary components may promote the occurrence of oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation in the body (LGI)46,61,63,64,65 and affect the concentration of markers of inflammation such as CRP8,64,66. Moreover, a beneficial effect of a 3-month high-protein diet with a low glycaemic load in women with PCOS and excessive body weight on the concentration of CRP, testosterone, and insulin, as well as the HOMA-IR value, was observed59. Chronic inflammation has become increasingly recognised as a significant contributor to the onset and progression of various non-communicable disease (NCD), acting through the persistent overproduction of pro-inflammatory agents such as oxidants, eicosanoids, cytokines and chemokines(Reference Calder, Albers and Antoine1). Further research should contribute to determining whether the use of an AIDiet can achieve health effects related to metabolic and hormonal health in adolescent PCOS patients comparable to pharmacological therapy. Moreover, the dietary checklist does not examine all food types with anti-inflammatory potential. Nevertheless, the KIDMED questionnaire we used has already been validated in studies in many countries as an option for a rapid dietary screening tool in clinical conditions, and it has been approved for paediatric populations27,31.