To get the most out of any protein powder, Schubert recommends only consuming one serving of it per day. Our team consulted many nutritionists and trainers, and then evaluated thousands of customer reviews and ratings to narrow down the best protein powders for a range of dietary preferences. This unflavored soy protein powder offers 20 grams of protein, which is helpful for keeping you full, says dietitian Starla Garcia, RD. Reviewers love that it doesn't have a grainy texture or funny aftertaste, like many other protein powders do. TBH, tasty protein powders are often hard to come by, but Orgain is a superior option according to dietitian Lisa Moskovitz, RD. Should women take protein powder on rest days? But without enough protein, that rebuilding process slows down, and over time, you lose muscle instead of maintaining it. Use this protein intake calculator to figure out your daily requirements and start making real progress. The fact is you need adequate protein intake from the right sources, in the right doses of protein, spread out throughout the day. Maybe you’re eating a “high-protein diet.” Well, that’s a decent start. This guidance on protein needs is just not enough protein for serious muscle gains. Most people obsess over hitting their daily protein goal but completely ignore how they spread it throughout the day. Anything less, and you’re not getting the full benefit. Research shows you need 2.5 to 3 grams of leucine per meal to fully activate MPS. Additionally, it’s important to consider the source and quality of protein, as animal protein might pose a higher risk compared with plant-based protein. “I'm an active woman, and my favorite whey-based protein powder is ProMix Grass-Fed Whey,” says Zeagler. If you’re considering adjusting your protein intake, it’s always a good idea to consult with your doctor, especially if you have underlying health conditions. For example, they support fat loss, muscle recovery, bone strength, and skin health. For example, if you weigh 180 lbs, your minimum daily protein target is 144g per day (180 x 0.8). Most people have no clue how much protein they actually need. Keep in mind that not all dietary protein sources are created equal. Since protein powders are considered dietary supplements, they’re not overseen by the FDA. Although taste is subjective and can vary based on what you mix the protein powder with, we feel that our top picks have balanced flavor profiles. Our registered dietitians evaluated dozens of protein powders, analyzing ingredients, protein counts, added sugar amounts as well as flavor and consistency. There may be some benefits of taking collagen regarding skin health and bone health, but when it comes to building muscle, research suggests that whey protein is more effective. A winner in our recent GH Fitness Awards, this unflavored collagen peptide powder offers 20 grams of collagen and 18 grams of protein per serving. Don’t have a fully fleshed out nutrition and fitness program that can help you achieve the weight loss or weight gain you’re after? Spreading your intake across four or five meals and prioritizing pre- and post-workout protein ensures your body stays in an anabolic (muscle-building) state all day. Most plant proteins are incomplete, meaning they lack one or more essential amino acids unless you combine them properly (like rice + beans or pea + rice protein). Whether you’re trying to lose fat, build muscle, or just maintain strength, protein should always be a priority. She stays up to date on the latest research to provide evidence-based reporting on all things diet and nutrition, and also runs large-scale tests and analyses for products ranging from protein bars to supplements. This is because the body has an anabolic window that's 15 to 60 minutes after a workout, when it can get the most out of the protein you consume. If you want to build muscle, the International Society of Sports Nutrition recommends consuming protein for muscle gain right after your workout. Protein powder can provide building-block nutrients, add calories to food without increasing volume and often digests more easily than just carbs or fat alone. Not only is Vital Proteins Collagen Peptides packed with 18 grams of protein to stimulate lean muscle growth and help combat cravings, but it also contains 20 grams of collagen peptides, which may promote joint health, as well as hyaluronic acid to help hydrate skin. "If you are trying to change your body composition, protein powder can be beneficial," adds Schubert. "This is because protein powder can be used to supplement protein intake throughout the day, which can help to curb appetite and promote controlled caloric intake," says resident dietician at Clean Eatz Kitchen Crystal Zabka-Belsky, MS, RD. Plenty of research shows that even daily diets with two-to-three times the recommended protein intake have no negative effects on kidney function in healthy adults. It’s ideal for managing calories or wanting added immune and digestive support. This collagen blend delivers a beauty boost while supporting your joints and metabolism. Women’s bodies have different needs than men’s, and protein plays a key role in keeping everything running smoothly. Protein is especially helpful when you’re cutting calories. In her free time, you can find her lifting weights at the gym, running on the West Side Highway in New York City—she recently completed her first marathon, the 2025 New York City Marathon—and watching (and critiquing!) the latest movies that have garnered Oscars buzz. Then there’s PharmaGABA, a clinically studied form of GABA that reduces stress, enhances relaxation, and supports immune function under physical strain. Magnesium bis-glycinate, a highly bioavailable form of magnesium, helps relax muscles and promote restful sleep. Consuming protein before bed doesn’t just fuel recovery—it can also curb late-night cravings and keep you on track with your nutrition goals. Glycine in collagen supports digestive lining integrity. Supplementing supports elasticity, hydration, and reduction of fine lines. Collagen is the primary structural protein in skin. Properly flavored beef protein tastes like a milkshake, not like meat. Quality beef proteins use minimal ingredients. Check out our ATHLEAN-X programs to see which is the best fit for your goals and fitness level. Now that you know exactly how much protein you need and where to get it, the only thing left to do is to make it happen. So, if you’ve been holding back on protein because of this myth, stop. If you’re making these mistakes, you could be slowing your progress, wasting money, or even sabotaging your gains. There’s a lot of bad advice out there when it comes to protein. Organic protein powder and natural protein powder skip artificial additives, sweeteners, and preservatives. Women consuming more plant protein had a 38% higher chance of healthy aging for every 3% daily calories from plant protein. This is where protein powder for females comes in. Regular complete protein (beef isolate, whey) builds muscle effectively but provides fewer beauty benefits. Collagen excels for skin, hair, nails, and joint health but is not a complete protein for muscle building. Choosing the best protein powder for women’s weight loss is not just about fat loss. Timing can make a big difference in how effective protein powder is, especially when you’re using it to support weight loss. These seven options are worth exploring if you’re looking for a protein powder that supports fat loss, muscle tone, and overall wellness. One gram of protein per pound of body weight is enough to maximize muscle repair, fat loss, and strength gains, but not so much that you’re overloading your system with protein you don’t need. If you’re training consistently and want to achieve muscle growth, fat loss, and better recovery, one gram of protein per pound of body weight is your number. Start by replacing about 1/4 of flour with protein powder. Blend protein powder with frozen fruit, greens, and liquid for a complete meal. Choose protein based on ingredients and quality, not gendered marketing. All essential amino acids support fetal development and milk production. If you've given up on protein powder because everything bloats you, try Active Stacks. Whey contains lactose and dairy proteins that many women cannot digest efficiently. Why does whey protein make me bloated? Protein powder contains calories like any food, so excessive consumption can contribute to weight gain. How Our Team Chose The Best Protein Powders For Weight Loss Eating real, whole ingredients to up your protein intake (particularly eggs, seafood, beef, poultry, legumes, seeds, nuts, dairy products and pork) is always the gold standard, no matter what. It also plays a role in supporting enzymes and hormones to keep the body functioning properly. Did you know that protein is present in every cell in the body? Without adequate protein intake, you’ll be stuck spinning your wheels with lifting, dieting, and still wondering why you’re not seeing results. Use a protein intake calculator to make sure you’re getting enough every day. If you’re training like an athlete, recovering like an athlete, and performing like an athlete, your protein intake needs to match your output. Every intense workout creates microtears in your muscles and protein is the building block your body uses to repair and grow them stronger. Your body can only use so much protein at a time for muscle growth. Animal proteins like chicken, beef, eggs, and whey naturally contain higher levels of leucine, making them the most efficient options for muscle growth. The amino acid leucine acts as the trigger, telling your body to start repairing and building muscle. It helps reduce hunger, supports muscle tone, improves recovery, and keeps your metabolism active—all of which make it easier to lose fat and feel your best.Each serving provides 25 g of protein to support your fitness goals and 10 g of collagen peptides, which come with a host of potential health benefits.Additionally, whey-based protein is unsuitable for vegans and those avoiding animal products derived from dairy.From building muscle to maintaining energy and supporting hair, skin, and nails, protein is essential for women at every stage of life.This one from Impact is one of our all time favourite protein powders.Combine it with whole foods, hydration, movement, and rest, and you will discover not just weight loss, but a deeper connection with your body.Jeff Cavaliere is a Physical Therapist, Strength Coach and creator of the ATHLEAN-X Training Programs and ATHLEAN-Rx Supplements.“This protein powder mixes very well, whether in a shaker bottle or a blender, and I’ve had no issues with clumping.” Orgain Grass-Fed Whey Plant-based protein powder for women and plant protein powder are derived from sources like peas, hemp, rice, or soy. Getting all this from meals alone can be tough, which is where plant-based protein powder for women becomes a convenient option. Calculate your protein target based on body weight and activity level, assess how much you get from food, and use protein powder to fill the gap. Our experts are big fans of Gnarly products, and this whey protein powder was made from antibiotic-free, non-rBGH grass-fed cow’s milk and is filled with healthy fats and omega-3 acids. That being said, there are specific situations — based on health status, life stage or training programs — when supplementing with a protein powder can help you meet your nutrient needs. In addition to their protein, eggs contain healthy unsaturated fats that keep you fuller for longer. Getting these amino acids helps you maintain (or build) muscle. That means it contains all nine essential amino acids that your body needs but can’t make on its own. This makes it a go-to for weight loss. 'Powders deliver a huge amount of amino acids to the muscles. In addition to providing 24 grams of grass-fed whey protein per scoop, this protein powder is full of organic premium ingredients and free from added sugars but does contain stevia. We found that it blended nicely in tests, and found it especially smooth for a plant-based protein powder. The monthly subscription model allows you to pick your protein base (whey-based, plant-based, low lactose, ketogenic) and your health goals to determine the ideal formula for you. It's not plant-based, but for a flavored protein powder, the ingredient list is short and uncomplicated. For instance, those with dairy allergies should steer clear of whey and casein, while individuals with celiac disease must avoid any protein powders containing gluten. The mesh-like velcro seal can also be tricky to close if powder gets stuck, and it doesn’t include a scoop. This pregnancy-focused shake also includes 250 milligrams of choline, a vital nutrient for neural tube formation, brain development, and overall maternal well-being. Ritual fortifies the formula with methionine for a more balanced amino acid composition. At $4.66 per serving (or $3.99 with a subscription), Ka’Chava is also on the pricier side. While this may work for some, it’s not substantial enough to replace a full meal for most people. Spacing out your intake across the day can help your body use the protein more effectively while keeping you full and energized. The right amount of protein depends on your body weight, activity level, and overall goals. It plays a big role in preserving muscle mass, crucial for keeping your metabolism active while losing fat. Opt for one that's unsweetened, because sneaky sugars can actually be sabotaging your weight loss efforts, Zeitlin adds. This pregnancy-focused shake also includes 250 milligrams of choline, a vital nutrient for neural tube formation, brain development, and overall maternal well-being.Then there’s PharmaGABA, a clinically studied form of GABA that reduces stress, enhances relaxation, and supports immune function under physical strain.Collagen maintains cartilage and connective tissue health, valuable for active women.You’ll find no artificial flavors and colors, and it’s sweetened with organic stevia leaf extract and comes in vanilla, chocolate and unflavored.'If you’re training regularly at a high intensity, have 15g before your workout and 15g after to get it working faster.'However, what many miss is the critical role protein plays in supporting weight loss, especially sustainably and healthily. Even whey isolate has trace amounts that trigger symptoms in sensitive individuals. Adding collagen peptides for additional skin and joint support is also valuable. There's no special "women's dose" different from general recommendations. Protein powder works in pancakes, muffins, energy balls, and other recipes. This is an easy way to combine protein with other nutrients. Since it's quite concentrated, you can even use just half a scoop for a protein boost in your morning shake. Garden of Life’s whey vanilla flavor is slightly sweet tasting but blends evenly in smoothies or on its own with water and ice. It also has boosts of pre and probiotics and digestive enzymes to improve digestion and protein absorption. They also used the unflavored version in baked goods for a protein boost, and the consistency was great. But at more than $2 a serving, it's one of the pricier options on this list. Use a protein intake calculator to make sure you’re getting enough every day.Consuming 0.8 grams of protein per pound of body weight per day is the least amount of protein you should eat to build muscle, avoid losing muscle and keep your body functioning properly.That being said, there are specific situations — based on health status, life stage or training programs — when supplementing with a protein powder can help you meet your nutrient needs.The diverse protein blend makes it super filling.This gluten-free, quickly absorbing protein powder combines seamlessly without clumping, making it a fantastic option for anyone looking to recover swiftly after exercise.According to research, protein intake is linked to improved physical performance in post-menopausal women aged 60 to 90.When you eat protein matters, especially for fat loss. The "best protein powder for women" isn't a pink-packaged product with lower protein content. When choosing a protein powder, prioritize clean ingredients, digestibility, and alignment with your specific goals rather than marketing targeted at women. She is an avid CrossFitter and utilizes protein powder during certain training seasons to assist with building muscle mass. (You should be able to multiply the grams of protein by four and get the same number as total calories.) If you’re looking to optimize weight gain, look for the most calories and grams of protein per scoop. Vegan protein powder blends plant proteins to ensure a complete amino acid profile. Used appropriately as part of balanced nutrition, protein powder typically supports weight management rather than hindering it. However, protein is the most satiating macro-nutrient and helps preserve muscle during weight loss. Most women benefit from 1-2 servings (20-50 grams) daily, depending on total protein needs and dietary intake. Prioritizing high-quality ingredients and reputable brands will ensure you are making safe and effective choices for your health.Your metabolism is already elevated, and your muscles are primed to absorb nutrients.Many women find their symptoms disappear completely.Spreading your intake across four or five meals and prioritizing pre- and post-workout protein ensures your body stays in an anabolic (muscle-building) state all day.Many women struggle to hit their daily protein target just through meals.Aside from its protein, lean beef has iron and vitamin B12 to support energy levels and red blood cell production. "Common derivatives from these sources are casein and whey, both milk proteins," she says. Dietitian Sharon Palmer, RD, likes Vega because it includes many nutrients such as pea protein, brown rice protein, and organic kale powder. It packs a huge punch of protein (25 grams, to be exact), in addition to satisfying even the pickiest sweet tooth. Instead of adding a spoonful of honey or cocoa powder to your morning oatmeal, Leah Kaufman, RD, a nutritionist in New York City, suggests sprinkling a serving of this powder on top. ‘It also stops muscle from breaking down, enabling you to lose weight without losing muscle.’ 'Around 13% of the protein in whey is leucine, compared with, say, hemp's 7%,' says Price. Protein's gold-star nutrient is leucine, an amino acid that triggers muscle growth and repair. Yes, when they contain a complete amino acid profile, vegan powders are equally effective. Yes, plant-based protein powder for women can provide all essential amino acids if combined or fortified. Each serving delivers 13 grams of whey protein, packed with essential amino acids like BCAAs and cysteine to support muscle protein synthesis and growth. To determine the best protein powders for women, we rigorously reviewed various products that offer quality protein along with support for women’s health needs. It's not plant-based, but for a flavored protein powder, the ingredient list is short and uncomplicated.Losing weight isn’t just about shedding body fat.To repair and build them back stronger, you need enough protein to stimulate MPS while minimizing MPB.I have over 18 years of experience as a registered dietitian focused on women’s health, so my expertise played an important role in shaping our review process.It’s dairy-free, lactose-free, and perfect for women avoiding animal products.Every body is different, and how much protein you need depends on factors like your age, weight, and activity level.Weight loss often involves muscle loss along with fat loss.That’s because it's strained to remove extra liquid, which concentrates its protein content. Like chicken, turkey is a lean, high-protein meat. That said, not all high-protein foods are equally helpful. It makes you feel full, increases the amount of calories your body burns, and reduces your appetite. How does protein powder affect weight loss? It’s essential for fat loss, recovery, and performance. Eating twice the protein doesn’t mean twice the muscle. Make sure you’re getting a steady protein supply throughout the day. “The powder dissolves easily and completely with simple manual shaking, and I appreciate the high-quality ingredients and numerous vitamins and minerals.”And if you’re not getting enough of these amino acids, your muscles won’t grow.To make sure protein powder is right for you, check with your healthcare provider before adding it to your diet, particularly if you have health conditions or take medications.It is vital to view supplements as one piece of the overall health puzzle.It can help you feel fuller longer, boost your metabolism, and maintain muscle mass while you lose weight.Plant-based proteins often have a more pronounced, earthy flavor, while milk-based options tend to be creamier and milder.And if you think you are, you’re probably wrong. Calories Per Serving We even found it tasted great when just combined with coconut water, but note that the cost per serving is on the higher side. All ingredients, according to the company, are fully traceable from origin to customer and the powder is Informed Sport-tested. That being said, our experts appreciate that Now Foods also does their own extensive testing to ensure superior quality so you are getting exactly what it says on the supplement bottle. It's a quality protein that aligns with goals many women share. Many women prioritize maintenance over bulking, weight management, skin health, and avoiding bloating. Plant proteins are an option but often taste chalky and provide incomplete amino acids. You can even mix most protein powder into yogurt or oatmeal or try baking it into baked goods or pancakes, but check the label to see how the brand advises using it. You can also mix protein powder in with a smoothie for a protein and flavor boost. According to research, protein intake is linked to improved physical performance in post-menopausal women aged 60 to 90. Remember, the best protein powder for you will depend on your dietary preferences, caloric goals, and taste preferences. Our reviews highlighted standout options like Orgain Organic Protein and IdealLean Protein, both praised for their quality ingredients and effectiveness in promoting satiety while supporting muscle preservation. When she’s not training for her next half marathon, whipping up high-protein recipes with her roommate or thrifting for the ultimate pair of low-rise jeans. "Whey is considered the fast-digesting protein intended for post-workout and daytime ingestion," says Zabka-Belsky. "Whey outperforms casein in this aspect, making it the preferred choice for boosting muscle growth," Zabka-Belsky explains. First, she tells us to check if it comes from a complete protein source, such as meat, fish, dairy, or eggs. This protein powder, packed with 24 grams of protein blend and over 5 grams of BCAAs per serving, not only supports muscle development but also aids in recovery. If you’re relying on plant-based protein, mix and match common foods to get the full muscle-building benefits and optimal health. Some of these amino acids can be produced naturally in the body, but essential amino acids, the ones that actually drive muscle protein anabolism, must come from dietary protein intake. You can then use this data to determine whether you want to make changes to your protein intake to help support gaining muscle mass or losing body fat. Lentils are rich in protein and fiber. Salmon is higher in calories than some other lean proteins. To keep fat content in check, look for 90% lean ground beef. If you’re a fan of avocado toast, try topping your toast with tuna-avocado smash with lime and red pepper flakes instead. Whether it’s plant-based protein powder for women or organic protein powder, these supplements make it easier to get enough protein without adding extra cooking or stress.At $3.27 per serving without a subscription (or $2.35 with it), it’s undoubtedly a premium option, too.There are plenty of high-quality options for every dietary preference—you just have to check the label.Among exercisers surveyed, 57.3% of women used protein supplements to build muscle, and 48.6% used them to regulate their weight.Quality beef proteins use minimal ingredients.Like other legumes, mature soybeans provide a mix of protein and fiber.They can help you determine the right amount and ensure that you’re getting what your body needs without overdoing it.Calculate your protein target based on body weight and activity level, assess how much you get from food, and use protein powder to fill the gap.In addition to their protein, eggs contain healthy unsaturated fats that keep you fuller for longer. Just add a 30g scoop to a smoothie or make yourself a protein porridge with the oats themselves. Rather than the creamy consistency found with most other proteins, this one from ESN dissolves into a thin consistency when mixed with water, and tastes more like a juice than a supplement. 'If you’re training regularly at a high intensity, have 15g before your workout and 15g after to get it working faster.' When we're putting together reviews we only want to recommend our readers the best of the best, which means we really took our time when testing out these powders. These are called complementary proteins and they’re the best way to get your daily protein intake needs met through vegetarian protein sources. Complete proteins are essential for building and repairing muscle because they stimulate muscle protein synthesis (MPS), the process responsible for muscle growth and recovery. Not all protein sources fuel muscle growth the same way. Without the right grams of protein per meal, your recovery slows down, leaving you sore, weak, and stuck in a cycle of frustration. This is the gold standard for protein intake. The Top 10 High-Protein Foods for Weight Loss “I highly recommend Premier Protein Powder; the 30 grams of protein per serving align perfectly with my fitness goals without overwhelming sweetness.” “I enjoy eating it, and that’s exactly what I get with the Salted Caramel protein powder by Quest.” This gluten-free powder offers a delightful cinnamon taste and boasts a distinctive mix of fast and slow-absorbing proteins, providing prolonged energy and muscle recovery. Many women find that incorporating protein shakes into their daily routine helps curb cravings and provides the necessary nutrients their bodies need without added sugars and unhealthy fillers. Keeping your intake consistent helps preserve lean muscle, which is key to maintaining a healthy metabolism. That’s why protein intake isn’t just about total grams per day. Fail to hit your amino acid requirements, and your body starts breaking down muscle tissue instead of building it. Strength training breaks muscle fibers down, and protein rebuilds them bigger and stronger but only if you’re eating enough of it, at the right times. Losing weight isn’t just about shedding body fat. But before you start thinking “plant-based protein is useless,” hold up. If you’re serious about building muscle, recovering faster, and getting stronger, complete proteins need to be a non-negotiable part of your diet. Sure, looking at the total grams of protein in your diet is important but not at the cost of ignoring protein quality. When you train hard, your body demands higher doses of protein to repair the muscle damage caused by exercise. MINIMUM INTAKE: 0.8 GRAMS OF PROTEIN If you’re pushing your body to the limit, your protein needs go up. This is why 0.8g per pound of body weight is the bare minimum if you are training to build muscle or want to keep your muscle from wasting away. Pick the right category below, multiply the number by your body weight (in pounds), and you’re done. That’s not the best measurement for adults trying to build muscle mass or drop body fat without sacrificing hard-earned lean mass. Protein is a fundamental ally in achieving fat loss, retaining muscle tone, and improving body composition. Whether the goal is fat loss, better skin, increased energy, or a toned physique, the right protein intake plays a central role. In this journey, one nutritional support tool is steadily gaining prominence, and that is protein powder. To help you navigate the protein powder aisle, we’ve rounded up top recommendations based on expert advice, nutritional science, and consumer reviews. “Some protein powders can also have added sugar, artificial flavors, and fillers,” she adds. You can also mix protein powder in with a smoothie for a protein and flavor boost.Protein shakes make this process more accessible by ensuring a consistent supply of amino acids.One potential downside is its sodium content—220 milligrams per serving—so those monitoring their intake should take note.(You should be able to multiply the grams of protein by four and get the same number as total calories.) If you’re looking to optimize weight gain, look for the most calories and grams of protein per scoop.One or two servings daily typically provides grams toward your target.‘It also stops muscle from breaking down, enabling you to lose weight without losing muscle.’It blends yellow pea and whole-grain brown rice proteins, ensuring a complete amino acid profile that comes out to 25 grams per serving.Protein shakes can be a convenient meal replacement when you’re in a rush—especially if you add fruit, greens, or healthy fats. Each serving of Promix delivers a hearty 30 grams of protein with only 0.5 grams of fat and two grams of carbs. A great-tasting protein powder can make all the difference in staying consistent with your intake. That said, not all protein powders are created equal, and concerns about contaminants—particularly heavy metals—have made headlines. Yes, women typically have slightly lower protein needs than men due to differences in muscle mass and body size. To make sure protein powder is right for you, check with your healthcare provider before adding it to your diet, particularly if you have health conditions or take medications. The Role of Protein in Weight Loss for Women I’m a St. Louis-based registered dietitian with nearly a decade of experience in nutrition writing and editing. For maximum versatility, classic vanilla blends effortlessly into fruit smoothies, overnight oats, baked goods, and protein pancakes. The protein source itself plays a big role in taste and texture. Protein powder can help you meet that target—especially when paired with protein-rich meals. That means if you weigh 70 kg (around 155 lbs), you’d want to get between 84 and 112 grams of protein a day. And for women who work out regularly or are going through hormonal changes, getting enough protein is even more important. Building muscle won't make you bulky. Plant proteins often taste earthy, grassy, or chalky. Pea protein causes significant bloating and gas for many people due to FODMAP content. Most women who strength train and consume adequate protein become leaner and more defined, not bigger. Some brands charge more for "women's protein" that's essentially the same product in different packaging. They're unnecessary in quality protein formulations. Beef protein isolate is easier to digest than whey because it contains no dairy and comes in hydrolyzed form. Protein keeps you full longer than carbohydrates or fat, reducing overall calorie intake. Women looking for the best protein powder for their needs should consider factors like the type of protein included, ingredient quality, and dietary preferences or sensitivities. The role of protein in weight loss and maintenance Combine it with whole foods, hydration, movement, and rest, and you will discover not just weight loss, but a deeper connection with your body.