Data such as the ones reported in this paper are necessary to decondition false assumptions and expectations. Recognizing the complex nature of human sexuality and fostering open communication and emotional intimacy can contribute to a more fulfilling and satisfying sexual experience for individuals and their partners. Encouraging individuals to embrace their bodies and focus on overall well-being rather than conforming to societal expectations fosters a healthier and more positive mindset. On the other hand, we did not have adequate high-quality studies from some regions such as Africa and Southeast Asia. Such misleading data can cause psychological and sociological falsehoods and sociocultural deception. Unfortunately, there is no data to support these claims making them selective at best. The Republic of the Congo ranks 2nd with 17.33 cm (6.82 inches). The self-measured correction revealed that countries with professionally measured data hold the top five positions. While there were comprehensive studies across large samples, there hasn’t been a global analysis until now. These elements contribute more meaningfully to well-being than a few millimeters of length or circumference. This suggests that the anxiety surrounding size is often driven by internal comparison and cultural messages rather than actual partner feedback. Like Height or Weight, penis size follows a bell curve where most men fall near the Average, but a very wide range is considered medically and functionally normal. While the current data is the best and most comprehensive available, more diverse global studies are needed for a more complete understanding of penile size variations. Many foundational studies on penis size, including the BJU International review, have a preponderance of Caucasian or Middle Eastern participants. A high-quality multicenteric study with a standard measurement of penile size in different regions could help provide more reliable evidence to support our unexpected findings. This publication bias could lead to an overestimation of average penile sizes reported in the literature. Variations in age demographics could influence penile size measurements, as size can change with age, potentially confounding results. There was very limited data to adjust the penile size for body mass index and body image of the participants in the enrolled studies. Regarding the erect penis length and circumference, we could not find any statistically significant difference between the regions. Mean (SD) flaccid penis length was 9.47 (2.69), mean (SD) flaccid penis circumference was 9.59 (3.08), mean (SD) erect penis length was 16.78 (2.55) and mean (SD) erect penis circumference was 12.03 (3.82). Mean (standard deviation SD) flaccid penis length was 9.47 (2.69), mean (SD) flaccid penis circumference was 9.59 (3.08), mean (SD) erect penis length was 16.78 (2.55) and mean (SD) erect penis circumference was 12.03 (3.82). According to the research in BJUI, the average flaccid penis is 3.61 inches in length and 5.16 inches in length when erect. The social, cultural, and environmental factors often influence the study of the average penis size. Most men believe that the average penis size is 6 inches. DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT At factbasedurology, we are committed to providing evidence-based health information that empowers individuals to build confidence based on facts, not fear. A consultation with a urologist is recommended for concerns about conditions like Peyronie’s disease, Micropenis, or a Buried penis, which are medical issues, not cosmetic ones. Most non-surgical penis enlargement methods are unproven and potentially dangerous. This common perceptual error is one reason why many men feel unnecessary Anxiety about their size. Compared to a side-on view in a mirror or a clinical measurement, this downward perspective can lead to an inaccurate self-assessment. Given the important implications of genital development for urinary and reproductive function, future studies should attempt to confirm the trend and identify the etiology. Indeed, emerging data suggest that diverse prenatal or postnatal exposures may influence pubertal timing 99,100,101,102. Investigators have hypothesized sedentary lifestyle/obesity or increasing exposure to hormone-disrupting substances may play a role 96,97,98. Assessment of quality for studies included and statistical analysis Differences are often due to self-reported penis size bias, not anatomical reality.This is especially common in individuals with obesity and can distort penis size comparison or self-perception.The size of the male sex organ has long been thought to be an indicator of a person's testosterone levels and sexual abilities.The social, cultural, and environmental factors often influence the study of the average penis size.Many foundational studies on penis size, including the BJU International review, have a preponderance of Caucasian or Middle Eastern participants.This sex position works well if you have a small penis because it lets you use the full length of your shaft. For all these reasons, updated results on penile dimensions remain crucial for clinical and psychological assistance of patients with sexual dysfunctions. It is important to underline that associations between penile size and somatometric parameters papers still remain controversial. All measurements were performed under similar environmental conditions (air‐conditioned room and at temperatures varying from 23 to 25°C). Most men measured their penis while alone, using hand stimulation to become erect. The only dedicated knowledge platform built to understand, support, and optimize every man’s sexual health journey. Once you understand the general averages, it helps to break them down by age group to see how size may vary over time. A healthy Erection, technique, communication, and emotional intimacy are far more important for a satisfying experience of Human sexual activity. However, the range of sizes within any single ethnic group is far greater than the small average difference observed between any two groups. Performers in adult films are often chosen specifically because their penile dimensions are well above average, making them completely unrepresentative of the general population. Interestingly, while many men express dissatisfaction with their own size, the vast majority of female partners report being satisfied with their partner’s dimensions. This preoccupation can lead to significant psychological distress, avoidance of intimacy, and reduced overall sexual satisfaction. For many men, size is a source of anxiety, and this concern is often rooted more in perception than in physical reality. Similarly, the size of a man’s hands or nose does not serve as a reliable indicator of his genital dimensions. Popular beliefs persist about physical traits supposedly correlating with genital size, but scientific evidence consistently debunks these assumptions. Fig. 2. Meta-regression model for mean (A) stretched length and (B) erect length over the year of publication. Using estimates from the metaregression model, erect penile length increased by 24% over the 29 years of observation was observed (from 12.27 cm to 15.23 cm). There was no significant association was found between year of publication and stretched penile length (Fig. 2A). Each study measurement was compared to the pooled mean to reveal the SMD estimate under a random-effects model (-0.05 cm; 95% CI, -0.21 to 0.12). Sensitivity analyses with and without each study were performed to investigate for any size-effect influences and outlier effects, but no major differences were observed. Then, we compared each study measurement with the pooled mean using the standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). DR Congo ranks 7th with 16.63 cm (6.55 inches) after self-reported correction. Ecuador ranks 1st penis length with 17.59 cm (6.93 inches) and also tops the global ranking for penis volume (252.8 cm³). Only 11 countries had averages above 15 cm (5.9 inches). In the context of sexual function, communication, confidence, and technique are far more influential on partner satisfaction than physical size. Another common observation is the difference between “showers” and “growers,” which describes how the organ changes from the flaccid to the erect state. These data provide a framework for discussing body image expectations and therapeutic strategies in this sensitive and emotional subject matter. Penis sizes vary across WHO regions, suggesting the need to adjust standards according to geography to better understand councilmen and their partners. The risk of bias in the included studies was moderate/low. Therapy can offer helpful methods and techniques to address underlying problems and encourage a healthy body image. Average-Size Erect Penis: Fiction, Fact, and the Need for Counseling Since no specific studies quantified girth overestimation, we developed a proportional approach. Therefore, we adopted a standardized correction approach, applying a 1.3 cm reduction in penis length when self-reported. The studies we analyzed show significant variation in sample sizes. Thailand has the smallest penis length with 9.43 cm (3.71 inches), also the smallest penis-to-height ratio at 5.49% and the smallest volume at 88.0 cm³. This analysis was restricted to data collected from original articles that examined men’s penile length. While the etiology of reported changes is uncertain, many have hypothesized environmental changes as potential culprits 7,11. Investigators have reported changes in normal male genital development over time as assessed by falling sperm counts, declines in serum testosterone levels, higher rates of testicular tumors, and increasing genital birth defects 7,8,9,10. Seventy-five studies published between 1942 and 2021 were evaluated including data from 55,761 men. Many people look for ways to make their penises bigger. This is especially crucial in countries like the United States where manufacturers categorize condoms by their length and girth. This happens because they disrupt your endocrine system, which creates and releases the hormones that help the testicles work normally. Many environmental chemicals, like fertilizers, plasticizers, pesticides, and phthalates, can affect penis growth in the fetus. Not getting enough nutrients during pregnancy could prevent the fetal penis from growing properly. This makes girth a significant factor when interpreting your place on any penis size chart or evaluating personal concerns around penis size self-esteem. The girth categories below are based on medical research, standardized measurements, and global datasets. From there, sizes increase or decrease according to percentile ranks, creating clear thresholds for small penis size, average, above average, and large categories. These charts are based on large-scale penis measurement study results and reflect global values, not self-reported numbers. Once biases from self-reporting are removed and only clinically measured results are used, worldwide studies of penis size worldwide consistently demonstrate that extremes—such as very small or very large sizes—are statistically rare. The focus of girth workouts like jelqing is likewise on massaging the tissues.Maintaining one of these alleged effects requires consistency. During manual stretching exercises, you will be massaging the tissues down your penis with your hand. Although there are methods such as hormone therapies, surgeries, and other procedures to enlarge the penis, it's important to understand that these interventions come with hazards. Just 14% of respondents preferred their partner's penis to be bigger, and 2% preferred it to be smaller. Knowing how to measure your penis accurately is essential to finding condoms that fit comfortably and securely. Sixty-four studies analyzed stretched penile length with measurements ranging from 8.98 cm to 17.50 cm. Thirty-three studies reported flaccid length with measurements ranging from 5.20 cm to 13.80 cm. Furthermore, the increase in BMI leads to a reduction in the length of the erect penis, as well as weight gain reduces the length of the flaccid penis. From our data, we found that 48.2% of men in the North have a flaccid penis length above the national average, compared to 19.7% of men in the Centre and 32.1% of men in Southern Italy and in the islands (p p‐value .08). The mean of penis size stratified by geographic area did not reveal statistically significant differences, except for the length of the flaccid penis (p 1). Rate of patients with penile somatometrics below the median patients by geographical area Baseline characteristics of the South and Islands Italian population in the study Baseline characteristics of the centre Italian population in the study Baseline characteristics of the north Italian population in the study The stronger statistically significant correlations were between flaccid stretched or erect length and height, which was found in four studies, although the correlations were not extremely strong.Self-reported measurements tend to overestimate length by approximately 1.3 cm (0.5 inches).In all, 40,251 (72.1%), 44,300 (79.4%), 18,481 (33.1%) men had data reporting flaccid, stretched, and erect length, respectively.From there, sizes increase or decrease according to percentile ranks, creating clear thresholds for small penis size, average, above average, and large categories.Similarly, the distance from the head to the base of the penis is the length of the extended penis.In addition, the current work identified significant differences in penile size measurements across different geographic regions. Penis length classifications rely on precise measurements of erect penis length to determine where an individual falls within global penis size percentiles. The true average penis size starts with accurate clinical data rather than self-reported surveys or cultural assumptions. Some studies suggest minor variations in average penis size among different ethnic groups, but the data isn’t comprehensive enough to draw definitive global conclusions. Clinical measurements differ significantly from self-reported ones, with men typically overestimating their size by approximately 1.3 cm when measuring themselves. A significant number of men who seek consultation for size enhancement have penises that fall well within the normal, average range. In some studies, a stretched flaccid length is taken, which is generally considered commensurate with the true erect length. To establish objective facts about average size, this analysis relies on scientific data derived from rigorous medical studies and comprehensive meta-analyses. Our systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that the average erect penile length increased between 1992 and 2021. Indeed, we detected considerable heterogeneity and dispersion in penis size within (WHO) regions. A serious limitation to our findings is the lack of standardization for measuring penis size in different situations,4 which may have led to a systematic bias. Discussions surrounding the ideal penis size for women and concerns related to small penis size need to be approached with sensitivity, respect, and a focus on promoting body positivity. Men who have concerns about their penis size may experience anxiety, self-esteem issues, and feelings of inadequacy. It is important to recognize that there is no universally agreed-upon “ideal” penis size for women. It is crucial to rely on scientific evidence rather than hearsay or cultural ideas, even if there are many myths about the length of the penis. Penis size is influenced by inherited factors, much like eye and skin color are. A lot of guys are interested in how their penises compare to the norm. You're not the only one who has ever questioned how big your penis is about other people's. This involves placing a ruler along the top of the penis and pressing gently into the pubic bone until the ruler stops. Because many misconceptions come from incorrect methods, specialists recommend using standardized clinical techniques rather than self-reported approaches. Yet, while international rankings can be interesting, they are not a meaningful measure of masculinity or sexual ability. One major factor is the difference between a “grower” penis and a “shower” penis. Studies consistently reveal that partners tend to emphasize thickness over length when describing what feels pleasurable. Hormones or genetics can prevent the penis from growing to a larger size. This means your penis would have grown to its maximum size by the time you’ve reached your early 20s. If you have similar worries, know that your penis may be in the average range. The size of the male sex organ has long been thought to be an indicator of a person's testosterone levels and sexual abilities. The Disconnect Between the Average Penis Size and Pornography Self-reported evaluations, patients with a history of certain urologic ailments, complaints of penis size and erectile/sexual dysfunction, history of genital reconstructive surgery as well as congenital or acquired genital anomalies were excluded. An average flaccid length of 3.6 inches and an average flaccid circumference (girth) of 3.7 inches were discovered in a study involving over 15,000 men. This belief is due, in part, to several often-cited studies that relied on self-reported measurements, with means of about 6.2 inches (15.75 cm) for heterosexual men and even greater for gay men. Understanding scientifically verified average penis size, global penis size distribution, and natural penis size variation helps eliminate unnecessary fears and promotes healthy expectations. Although the risk of bias in included studies was deemed moderate/low, the decision not to exclude any study may mask underlying biases that could affect the overall conclusions. The age range of participants across studies was not uniformly reported. However, cultural factors influencing body image and health-seeking behavior may affect the populations studied, leading to potential biases in the represented data. The findings indicate significant variations in penile size across geographical regions. The sample size of the enrolled studies might not be representative of the regional population. Do Women Care About Penis Size? The average erect penis length is approximately 5.16 inches with an average girth of 4.59 inches. The scientific Data on average penis size provides a factual baseline that primarily serves to dispel Myyths and manage expectations, reinforcing that for Health and function, the vast majority of men fall well within the wide spectrum of normal. It’s crucial to understand the “normal” range versus the single number for average penis size. Context is critically important when reviewing the average penis size because the Average is merely a midpoint in a wide spectrum of normal, and factors like self-Perception and unrealistic media portrayals often create a distorted view of what is typical. A 2023 meta-analysis of over 55,000 men reported a mean erect length of 13.93 centimeters, or 5.48 inches. This distinction is important because the size of a flaccid organ can be a poor predictor of its size when erect. Measurements are often recorded in both the flaccid and fully erect states to capture the full picture of size variability. Social desirability and young men’s self-reports of penis size. Standardized mean difference between pooled mean and measuraments presented in studies reporting flaccid length. Men who are concerned about the size of their penis should consult a doctor or sexual health expert for advice. Some claim to increase penis size, but little evidence supports it, and some cause side effects, such as erectile dysfunction or injury. Most men who experience distress over size concerns have measurements that fall within the average, demonstrating that psychological factors often outweigh the anatomical reality. We've included these in our analysis but acknowledge that larger samples generally provide more reliable averages. South Korea completes the bottom ten with 10.80 cm (4.25 inches). Indonesia places ninth with an adjusted length of 10.37 cm (4.08 inches). No, the size of the penis doesn’t matter – at least in terms of desirability or function. But, the size of the penis is not as important as the media thinks. There are several penis-size myths in the world. Even if some women prefer a penny size significantly longer or thicker than the average, most scientific evidence suggests that many women do not. An overwhelming majority of students (45 out of 50) reported that the width of the penis was a more critical factor than its length. What Penis Size Do Women Prefer When Having Sex? Understanding penis size begins with reliable data rather than myths or exaggeration. A study by Lever, Frederick, and Peplau found that 85% of women were satisfied with their partner’s penis size. For example, a 2016 study found that the average erect length for Asian men was around 11.7 cm (4.6 inches), while a different study showed an average of 14.2 cm (5.6 inches) for men of African descent. Some of these methods have dangers for your health and well-being.Let's examine some well-liked techniques said to enlarge the penis.Understanding this timeline helps reduce unnecessary penis size anxiety and ensures expectations remain realistic and medically accurate.A review of penile elongation surgery.Clinical measurements differ significantly from self-reported ones, with men typically overestimating their size by approximately 1.3 cm when measuring themselves.For example, many believe foot size and masturbation habits affect penis size.Although some studies reported standardized methods, others may have used non-standardized or subjective techniques, potentially affecting the reliability and comparability of the data.Proper size evaluation requires erect or stretched measurements using clinically standardized techniques like flaccid stretched length or bone-pressed erect measurements. What Is Considered the Average Penis Size? The statistical average is only one aspect of anatomical size; medical science is concerned with the extremes of the spectrum. Some individuals exhibit a marked increase in length from the soft to the erect state, while others who start larger flaccid may experience a comparatively smaller increase. Accurate data on anatomical dimensions depend on standardized measurement protocols used in clinical settings. This article clarifies the prevailing statistics and the biological processes that determine the range of human measurements. 4、average cost 平均成本，平均费用 3、on the average 平均起来，一般说来 2、on average 平均，按平均数计算 We average 8 hours (work) a day. Education, proper measurement, and realistic expectations are key to reducing anxiety and building healthier penis size self-esteem. Misleading comparisons, pornography-influenced expectations, and myths surrounding average penis size often create unnecessary insecurity. Because early or delayed puberty can influence penis size variation, urologists may evaluate concerns using a reliable penis size chart or clinical measurements. For most people worried about size, education, reassurance, and comparing measurements to accurate penis size chart values are far more beneficial than invasive procedures. Global research on human penis size, including large penis measurement study reviews and global penis size statistics, confirms that many widely repeated assumptions are incorrect. Currently, there is no consensus regarding the preferred method for the evaluation of penile size. Data regarding the size of the adult penis is of great importance to both clinicians and researchers. Meta-regression model for mean (A) stretched length and (B) erect length over the… Does foot size correlate with penis size? Studies show that many people worry about their penis size and perceive it to be smaller compared to others. More research is needed to determine whether it can also increase penis size in people who don't have Peyronie's disease. There are several penis-enlargement methods and products that claim to increase penis size. Knowing how to measure your penis size correctly is important so that you can buy condoms that fit. Alternatively, surgery could give the non-erect penis the illusion of being slightly longer. 84% of female respondents to a 2006 survey of 52,031 heterosexual men and women said they were happy with the size of their partner's penis. Your penis size is primarily determined by genetics. According to a 2020 review, a lot of people think that a penis should be six inches long on average. Regretfully, occasionally a casual curiosity about penis size can turn into a serious preoccupation and cause worry. Results from a systematic review with up to 15,521 males in 20 studies showed that all somatometric correlations were either inconsistent or weak while the most reliable was the association flaccid stretched length and height (Veale et al., 2015). Establishing what the normal size of the penis is very important to have a yardstick for men, who often tend to underestimate their size. Many studies have investigated the size of the penis in the past years in the world, but many of these have the bias of being very heterogeneous and with a very small sample. To the best of our knowledge, no recent study has comprehensively assessed penile size in Italian men. Lessening emotions of inadequacy and normalizing differences can be achieved by acknowledging the diversity of human bodies and sexual experiences. Spend some time learning from reliable sources regarding sexual health and body positivity. Additionally, according to some tales, regular use can gradually lengthen your penis.Devices for penile traction are also widely used. Due to measurement limitations in evaluating erect penis size, the main purpose of the present study is to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the stretched and flaccid penis lengths as well as flaccid penis circumference in men according to the WHO geographic regions. Studies examining average penis size, including both average erect penis size and average flaccid penis size, reveal that the majority of men fall between a narrow band of measurements. By following correct measurement methods, individuals gain clarity and confidence and can accurately compare their results to average erect penis size, average flaccid penis size, and worldwide human penis size data. The Gay Men's Health Project discovered in a survey of 586 men that 38% of respondents were concerned about the girth of their penis.Beyond shifting ranking order, these measurement corrections also impacted our volume calculations, potentially leading to other distortions in our comparisons.Their meta-analyses for outcomes such as flaccid penis length, stretched penis length, erect penis length, flaccid penis circumference, and erect penis circumference were similar to those of our study; however, our study comprised a larger cumulative sample size.8Multiple studies using 3D-printed models found that partners often prefer slightly above-average erect penis girth rather than length, reinforcing that thickness plays a more important role than many assume.As has been suggested by other studies, the penile measurements may be affected by temperature, arousal state, body size and investigator factors 5,35,90.So, identifying normality is a challenge and depends on the culture, race and form of measurement applied.Once you understand the general averages, it helps to break them down by age group to see how size may vary over time. The etiology of the increase in erect penile length over time remains uncertain. Geographic variation is consistent with prior reports with other investigators also identifying longer measurements in sub-Saharan Africans, intermediate in Europeans, South Asians, and North Africans, and smaller in East Asians . The simplest technique to achieve an erection is penile injections which are routinely utilized to generate an erection in clinical settings 21,37,90. The researchers investigated 50 female college students to investigate the potential importance of the length and width of the penis in female sexual satisfaction. The girth may be more important for sexual pleasure than length, as it helps to stimulate the nerve endings around the clitoris more. Various treatments are available depending on the cause and severity of the erectile dysfunction and the underlying health condition. Many factors contribute to affect the size of the penis. Many men sometimes worry about the size and appearance of the penis. However, the cause for differences remains unknown and as migration continues, reported variations may lessen with time. Importantly, when the current analyses were adjusted for the technique to achieve erection, the point estimates remained similar. Studies attempting to analyze spontaneous erections in the clinic, on the other hand, have omitted numerous individuals who were unable to “perform” in this unnatural scenario . These insights are far more reliable than myths linked to the penis size vs shoe size myth, penis size vs hand size myth, or biased self-reports. Concerns about penis size often stem from psychological factors rather than functional limitations. For sexual function and partner pleasure, size within the normal range is generally not a significant factor. Self-Perception of penis size is often inaccurate due to the “angle of observation” effect, where looking down at one’s own body from above creates a foreshortened perspective that can make the penis appear smaller than it actually is. While there's no scientific proof that they work, some studies have found them to be harmful when taken continuously. They work by creating a vacuum around the penis to draw blood into it, making it swell temporarily. These are often used by people with erectile dysfunction. Studies of penile enlargement surgeries show mixed results in their effectiveness, their safety, and how satisfied patients are. Studies show that a majority of men wish they were larger, with some choosing penile lengthening surgery. These studies suffered from both volunteer bias and social desirability bias. Penis size varies widely across individuals, and both biological and environmental factors contribute to these differences. The topic of penis size is often a subject of curiosity and discussion among individuals. Our study shows that the size of the penis varies significantly across geographical regions. To determine the penile length, the measurement of the stretched penile was conducted from the pubopenile skin junction to the tip of the glans. The mean flaccid penile circumference in different WHO regions. The mean length of flaccid penis in different WHO regions. Normative male genital measurements are clinically useful and temporal changes would have important implications. The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Finally, we did not evaluate the impact of smoking duration and quantity with penile size. Secondly, patients only measured the penis one time with possible error of measurement. This can be due to the small number of enrolled studies and their relatively low sample sizes. For example, the small number of included studies and the differences in their sizes could explain the observed heterogeneity. Before the patient was given anesthesia, the measurements were obtained in the preoperative holding area. The mean length of stretched penis in different WHO regions. The risk of bias in the included studies was moderate/low; thus, no study was excluded. Reliable studies on average penis size depend on clinical measurements taken by trained health professionals, as self-reported Data is notoriously inaccurate due to common measurement errors and psychological reporting Bias. Their meta-analyses for outcomes such as flaccid penis length, stretched penis length, erect penis length, flaccid penis circumference, and erect penis circumference were similar to those of our study; however, our study comprised a larger cumulative sample size.8 In scientific terms, flaccid measurements are considered unreliable for estimating average male genital size, predicting erectile dimensions, or determining where someone falls within global penis size worldwide data. Worldwide measurements show that the average erect penis girth falls between 4.5–4.8 inches (11.5–12.2 cm), forming the center of the penis circumference distribution. The ultimate size an individual reaches is determined by genetic and hormonal influences during developmental phases. Measuring the soft, unstretched length is considered unreliable because it is highly sensitive to environmental factors like temperature, stress, and arousal level. This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article. The authors declared that this study has received no financial support. These data provide a framework for discussion of body image expectations and therapeutic strategies in this sensitive personal and subjective topic. Many penis size research limitations exist — including volunteer bias, inconsistent techniques, and a lack of representative sampling. Global research shows that penis size worldwide varies only slightly by region, yet people remain highly curious about international comparisons. Understanding these percentiles helps eliminate unrealistic expectations and provides a grounded comparison for anyone reviewing their penis size comparison. One of the most reliable ways to understand penis size distribution is through a standardized penis size chart that classifies lengths into medically defined categories. Understanding these facts helps reduce unnecessary worry, improves penis size self-esteem, and provides a realistic foundation for any penis size comparison or penis size chart. Moreover, Habous et al reported significant limitations of flaccid and stretched measurements in estimating erect length as well as marked interobserver variation. Among the studies included, fourteen 21,32,34,37,38,39,40,44,53,60,62,69,79,81 and six 12,26,41,65,70,78 reported measurements obtained with penile injections and spontaneous erections, respectively. Our study, therefore, showed that there are no statistically significant differences for penis size in Italy in the North, Central, South and Islands macro‐areas, except for the length of the flaccid penis, which was greater in the North and lower in Central Italy. One of the largest is that of Herbenick et.al that evaluated the erect penis size of 1661 sexually active men in the USA. The bone-pressed technique bypasses this, ensuring the measurement reflects the true length of the internal structure. A man with a higher body fat percentage may have a significant fat pad at the base of the penis, obscuring part of its length. The BPEL method involves measuring from the Pubis bone, not the Skin, to the tip of the Glans penis. This method minimizes observational error and provides the high-quality data needed for academic Research. These charts help Health professionals counsel men who experience significant Anxiety about having a small penis, often a symptom related to Body Dysmorphic Disorder. For girth, wrap a flexible measuring tape — or a strip of paper — around the thickest part of the erect shaft. Again, results are strongly influenced by measurement method and sampling size, which is why specialists stress the importance of interpreting these values as broad trends, not absolute rules. At the lower end of the spectrum, national averages range around 3.7–4.3 inches (9.4–11 cm). These averages reflect populations where measured erect lengths tended to be above global norms. In Söylemez's study, the mean flaccid, fully stretched and circumferential length of the participants penises were 8.95 ± 1.04, 13.98 ± 1.58 and 8.89 ± 0.86 cm, respectively (Söylemez et al., 2012), but the size of the erect penis has not been investigated in this either. The most recent study conducted in Italy dates back to 2001 out of 3,300 patients by Ponchietti et al. and reports media (SD) flaccid length 9 (2), media flaccid circumference 10 (0.75), but the size of the erect penis has not been investigated (Ponchietti et al., 2001). The average circumference, or girth, of a fully erect penis is consistently found to be around 11.66 centimeters (4.59 inches). This study aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of stretched, erect, and flaccid penis length as well as circumference according to geographic WHO regions. Baseline characteristics of the north Italian population in the studySome datasets are based on self-reported penis size bias, which almost always leads to overestimation.PRISMA guidelines were used for abstracting data and assessing data quality and validity.The concept of average is best understood through standard deviation, which defines the natural spread of sizes.However, a few studies have been carried out in the past decade in which penis size measurements were taken by health experts using standard procedures.Self-reported evaluations, patients with a history of certain urologic ailments, complaints of penis size and erectile/sexual dysfunction, history of genital reconstructive surgery as well as congenital or acquired genital anomalies were excluded.Only 11 countries had averages above 15 cm (5.9 inches).3.发音：an average of的英式发音是ən ˈæv(ə)rɪdʒ ɒv，而the average of的英式发音是ði ˈæv(ə)rɪdʒ ɒvWe first obtained the pooled mean and SD for every measurement category (i.e., flaccid, erect, and stretched length). When only clinically measured penis size data is used, the variation across ethnic groups becomes extremely small. Differences are often due to self-reported penis size bias, not anatomical reality. Multiple studies have shown no correlation between foot length and erect penis length or penis length distribution. Understanding these myths is essential for a realistic penis size comparison, healthy expectations, and reducing unnecessary penis size anxiety. Many participants significantly underestimated their size relative to true penis size percentiles, reinforcing the role of psychological factors such as small penis syndrome and penile dysmorphophobia. This method also eliminates variations caused by body composition, helping correct myths such as the penis size vs body height or penis size vs shoe size myth. To determine erect penis length, urologists use the bone-pressed erect length method (BPEL). Accurately measuring your size is the only reliable way to understand where you fall on a penis size chart or within global penis size distribution. Penis Size Chart ( - Small, Average, and Large Penis Sizes These findings align with global penis measurement study data, which show that pleasure is influenced by fit and compatibility, not extremes. Scientific research on penis size and sexual satisfaction shows that partners typically value comfort, emotional connection, and rhythm more than numerical size. Many individuals worry about whether their size falls within a normal range, but global research consistently shows that most people are well within the normal penis size range. Understanding the limitations of penis size data sources helps reduce unrealistic expectations and unnecessary penis size anxiety. In particular, temperature, level of arousal and previous ejaculation could also affect the penile dimensions. The study of Veale et al proposed a nomogram useful in clinical and therapeutic settings to counsel men and for academic research. Furthermore more, consultation for Peyronie's disease is extremely important in order to give expectation for penile length after surgery, since it represents one of the most important outcome (Russo et al., 2019)(Falcone et al., 2020)(Cocci et al., 2020)(Cocci et al., 2018). Although all these premises, body acceptance and self‐satisfaction are important in confidence and could play a role on sexual life (Veale, Miles, Read, Troglia, Wylie, et al., 2015)(Veale et al., 2014). Putting together our findings with other reports, our data were similar with those from Western Asians (8.96 ± 1.13 cm) (Aslan et al., 2011) (Sengezer et al., 2002) and USA (9.01 ± 2.15 cm) (Wessells et al., 1996). ” This anxiety is common, but global data shows that the majority of men fall within only a narrow band of sizes. Studies repeatedly show that men tend to overestimate both their own size and the supposed average. This misconception is primarily caused by inaccurate self-measurements, porn-influenced expectations, and cultural exaggeration. As the tissues mend, they may appear engorged, giving the appearance of a longer penis.Additionally, certain exercises claim to enhance girth. Some of these methods have dangers for your health and well-being.Let's examine some well-liked techniques said to enlarge the penis. Research really refutes the claims made by several products and procedures that they can enhance the size of the penis. It's important to approach increasing penile size with caution and discernment. This position focuses more on grinding than thrusting, so it's easier to keep your penis in place. This sex position works well if you have a small penis because it lets you use the full length of your shaft. Trying new sexual positions can help you and your partner figure out what feels best for both of you. Scientific Data from large-scale studies reveals that the global average penis size is well-defined for both erect and flaccid states, providing a reliable benchmark that contrasts sharply with cultural myths and media portrayals. The scientifically established average penis size is approximately 5.16 inches (13.12 cm) in erect length and 4.59 inches (11.66 cm) in erect girth, according to a major 2015 systematic review. In all, 33, 22, and 64 papers reported data regarding measurements in flaccid, stretched, and erect length, respectively. Our data showed that smoking patients are more likely to have a flaccid and erect penis circumference below average. To provide a complete picture, it’s important to acknowledge the limitations of current Data on average penis size, as most major studies have been based on specific populations, with more Research needed to represent a fully diverse global average accurately. The widely cited global average erect penis girth, or Circumference, is 11.66 cm (4.59 inches), measured at the mid-shaft, according to the same landmark 2015 urological systematic review. Major international studies, specifically the comprehensive 2015 BJU International systematic review and meta-analysis, place the global average erect penis length at 13.12 cm (5.16 inches) East and Southeast Asian countries report the smallest penis size averages across all categories, with measurements approximately 20-30% below the global mean. The study has been carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki for experiments involving humans and an informed consent has been signed from each patient. Penile length was measured along the dorsum of the penis by a ruler with millimetre markings, with the patients standing up. Other exclusion criteria were applied as previously reported (Sanches et al., 2018). A total of 4,685 men from Italy and who have been visited at the Italian urology operating units were prospectively included in the study, which took place between January 2019 and January 2020 at the Careggi Hospital in Florence. A tertiary objective was to investigate the relationship between penile dimensions and somatometric parameters in the same group. The comparison of average penis size between countries has long generated curiosity and scientific interest. One highly cited meta-analysis, reviewing data from over 15,000 men, reported the average erect length to be 13.12 centimeters (approximately 5.17 inches). Funnel plot presenting 3 levels of confidence interval (90%, 95%, and 99% corresponding to shades white, gray, and dark gray) for (A) flaccid, (B) stretched, and (C) erect length studies. Thus, estimating penile size in the flaccid state may be inaccurate whether stretched or not. However, Schneider et al compared younger (18–20 y) and older (48–60 y) men and found that older men had a significantly longer stretched penis, but no difference in erect lengths implying penile elasticity may change with age. A factual understanding of the numbers provides a healthy baseline and dismantles the fiction that fuels insecurity. A buried penis is when the penis is partly or completely hidden under the skin and fat around the pubic area, making it appear smaller or not visible at all. Everyone's penis is different, and with good communication, you can find many ways to please your partner. Fat stores at the base of the penis can also make it look shorter than it is. Getting in shape might also help improve your sexual performance. As male sexual dysfunction diagnoses and treatments are common 1,2, penile size remains important . Knowing the real average size of the penis is of growing interest to perform a correct diagnostic evaluation and therapeutic choice in patients with concerns about its penis adequacy. Patients with impression of small penis may feel anxious, less capable of maintaining erections, resulting in an impact on sexual frequency and ejaculations.