Annex of statistical information to country reports on terrorism. U.S. Department of State Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism (NCC). Escalating violence from the Animal Liberation Front. Effects are not a simple top-down description of increased state attention and condemnation, but a multidirectional interaction effect, in which courts are less responsive to the rights-claims of activists. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the results and the implications the data provides for future interactions of activists and the courts. The situation has not been one of a gradual rise in sentencing for environmentally motivated property crimes. The analysis includes deeper interrogations of individual cases, analysis of discourse from the state, and considerations of the political landscape. Rhizomatic Resistance: The Zapatistas and the Earth Liberation Front Yes, Bio Peak Male Enhancement is made with natural honey spoon male enhancement reviews ingredients that are generally considered safe for most men. Tribulus Terrestris is believed to increase testosterone levels in the animal male enhancement body, which can improve sexual desire and stamina. PeakErect® was developed using carefully selected, science-supported natural ingredients, chosen after years of research into male circulation, stamina, and sexual vitality. It supports endurance, vitality, and overall male performance especially during physical pressure. Foreseeing the effects of civilizational collapse they hope to bring about, DGR’s leading writer Derrick Jensen predicts, “We will see an increase in violence against people of color…. In Chile, where a strong left and powerful student movement exist, the ELF have claimed a number of actions against developers, construction firms, mining companies, and banks. As treesits grew more permanent, and occupations like the Minnehaha Free State developed across the United States, a new conceptualization of earth liberation emerged. As Movement for a New Society grew in the Northeast United States, environmentalists frustrated with large conservationist nonprofits and federal regulatory agencies produced a new group called Earth First! The other side to the Strategy of Tension, however, was the attempt to draw people toward an ecological subculture beyond left and right, faithful to one another as Italians rather than political actors. It is the same terror expressed in the eyes of an elephant that has rampaged in fear and anger against its keepers. One can speak of a terrorism of the Earth as it is bulldozed, a forest of trees splintered by the chainsaw and crashing to the forest floor, and the subsequent gaping wound to the Earth of a clear-cut. Such concern is further demonstrated in videos produced by the press offices of ELF and ALF. In public forums activists cite statistics on the extinction crisis but not with clinical detachment. Clinical Studies The federal contestation and response was not in an argumentative form, but rather through three key methods—labeling, surveillance, and punishment. Therefore, the use of legal and political channels to contest their messages reinforces a government monopoly on defining legal and rational acts of participation. The destruction of the car dealership in West Covina, California, was an attempt to spread a further reaching, symbolic message against disproportionate consumption of fossil fuels by luxury automobiles and the tax breaks available to owners due to federal loopholes (Plungis, 2002). These four events committed by loosely organized cells of activists, in the case of the Aspen ski resort, the San Diego event, and the “green” rural cluster development, attempt to draw attention to three specific cases previously challenged in formal legal channels. In short, while we trace Heideggerian and indigenous, biocentric roots of revolutionary environmentalism we must not lose sight of the “resisting exploding, saying ‘Enough’” that is these movements. Break off a section of a rhizomatic plant or detach or kill a part of a rhizomatic animal population and the plant or pack shoots off in other directions continuing to proliferate. The play of language that connects what, according to the existing constraints of language and social form, are dissonant elements marks the connective heterogeneity of rhizomatic resistance. But the connection between language, signs, political forms, and social struggles is made quite explicit here (Patton, 2014). These processes are in line with the body’s natural functions, indicating that Bio Peak works by optimizing existing biological pathways instead of using artificial stimulants. By potentially activating certain hormonal pathways, Bio Peak aims to increase testosterone levels, which are important for male sexual health and physical performance. The main way it does this is by boosting the body’s natural production of testosterone. Unlike temporary solutions, this supplement focuses on supporting the body’s natural processes. While the hegemonic discourse on ecoterrorism is highly unstable and contradictory, it retains its power as useful and remains meaningful partly through its employment in trials. From the very beginning the McDavid case was framed by the federal government as a successful counterterrorism operation. While the terrorism discourse justifies the implementation of questionable security tactics to uncover terrorist activities, it also plays an important role in the representation of individuals designated as terrorists in trials. During Eric’s Habeas hearing, Judge England expressed a cautious skepticism about both claims and pushed several times for federal prosecutors to answer why such a mistake would or could take place (U.S. v. McDavid, Habeas Hearing, 2015). Zach lived on food stamps at the time and he and Eric practiced a freegan lifestyle, a trait the prosecution raised many times to demonstrate their radical natures in resisting modern norms. In 1995 and 1996, Congress passed the Omnibus Counterterrorism Act and the Federal Crime Bill and the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act, respectively, in the wake of the Oklahoma City bombing (Singh, 2006, pp. 71–93). These seven cases show a relatively homogeneous reaction by the courts for crimes involving property destruction.Table 9.1. His discussion is helpful in developing a spectrum of activism overcoming federally constructed binaries. Vanderheiden develops spheres of defensible acts of ecotage which do not constitute terrorism, yet also fall outside of civil disobedience. Each provides a distinctive understanding of the place of the activist and motivation for their actions against corporations, research entities, urban sprawl, etc. These spies photograph activists at public meetings, rallies and protests and collect detailed information for entry into national computer databases. In 2006, Prime Minister Tony Blair expressed strong personal support to the industry, going as far as to write an article for The Sunday Telegraph explaining why he signed an online petition in support of vivisection (Blair, 2006). No animal advocacy groups were included. Although the Liberal Party campaigned on promises to reduce and eventually end vivisection and to establish a Royal Commission to investigate the actual need for animal research, those promises were abandoned after they were elected (SPEAK, n.d.). The term is utilized to segment ideas, without engagement with the sociopolitical basis for the actions of those targeted. Whereas segmentation is designed to facilitate differential treatment, potentially including socially constructive ends, post-9/11 security discourse is a clear example of surveillance as governance (Henman, 2004, pp. 174–177). Examples here include the proliferation of the asymmetric use of ideologically and politically orchestrated terms such as domestic terrorist. Individuals self-regulate based on the potential sanctions faced through forms of incarceration and the implications of being labeled in a certain way (i.e., social boundaries). His supporters for racism, anti-Semitism, hate, and oppression need to retreat into their holes and never come out. Teachers need to organize in the face of academic repression (Nocella, Best, & McLaren, 2010). Teachers need to teach students how to liberate and achieve justice, not in abstraction, but in real, tangible actions such as how to blockade roads, fight against Nazis and the KKK (Nocella II, Bentley and Duncan, 2012). In order to do this, we, as activists and scholars, need to step back and learn from and reevaluate the past. The “EcoTerrorism” bills go one step further in expanding the reach of the state and define as terrorism acts that are currently legal or that, until recently, were only misdemeanors (taking pictures, protesting logging companies, or sitting in front of a bulldozer).The FBI, in conjunction with the ATF to curb property destruction by environmental activists, launched Operation Backfire in 2004.Stereotypically, the word describes acts of arson and vandalism upon easily identifiable sources of environmental degradation.There are potential problems with this sampling method with an overreliance on federally controlled messaging and information.In a series of communiqués from Long Island in 2000 and 2001 concerning the torching of luxury homes that threatened sensitive pine barren habitat and an important aquifer, activists spoke of the virtual assault mentality of the developers.The Wife of Bath’s despondence indicates further a connection between women and the patriarchal repression of peasant livelihoods that seemed healthier and happier in hindsight.Government repression, 96, 189 For libido enhancement alone, lifestyle modifications and counseling are often more appropriate. Overall, self‑medication without medical oversight can mask underlying health conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, or hormonal disorders. Herbal extracts can cause allergic reactions, interact with anticoagulants (e.g., ginseng enhances warfarin effect), or affect liver enzyme activity, potentially altering the metabolism of other drugs. Fast‑acting male enhancement pills are not without risk. The term "male enhancement pill" generally refers to oral formulations that aim to improve erectile function, libido, or overall sexual performance. The words “time is running out—change must come, or eventually all will be lost” express an end of the world crisis (Hasbrouck, 2005, p. 2). A belief in state-sanctioned legal means of social change is a sign of faith in the legal system of that same state. Let us now turn to the texts of the ELF who are classified as domestic terrorists by the US Congress and FBI due to their repeated use of arson and sabotage as methods of resistance. (2) How do the activists convey the nihilist bind? We now turn to those who find such futile and ineffective prescriptions for ending environmental destruction as unacceptable and, hence, a source of desperation and individual nihilism. Pasadena man who participated in firebomb attacks on SUVs sentenced to over eight years in federal prison. Earth liberation member gets 3 ½ years for arsons. Radical environmentalism and the “war on terror.” Politics and Society, 33(3), 425–447. Ferguson was a prolific arsonist and acknowledged his responsibility in most of the major actions perpetrated by an active ELF cell (Bernton, 2006). While there was little public outcry at the time, the federal government was embarrassed by the combination of resources used and lack of tangible outcomes pointed out by CBS journalists (Bradley, 2005). Aligning the program with COINTELPRO is not due to its covert nature, but due to tactics law enforcement utilize to find, to arrest, and to prosecute activists. This response fits within previously discussed historical cases of government attempts to combat controversial messages and actions of dissent. PeakErect®: Long-Term Good By investigating the use of the terrorism discourse in McDavid’s trial, Varnell illustrates how hegemonic terrorism discourse was used to prosecute McDavid. However, the most important questions revolve around the theoretical implications concerning a state, which, in certain cases, punishes the destruction of property at levels comparable to the destruction of sentient life. If you are reading this text because you want to become an activist for social change and liberation, there are a few suggestions the editors of this book recommend you follow. Constitution only defends those in power and domination, it never and will never include the marginalized and oppressed such as People of Color, women, people with disabilities, economically disadvantaged, LGBTTQQIA people, immigrants, noncitizens, dissenters, and the economically disadvantaged. We have seen a recent history rich in the destruction of peoples, cultures, and environments. We are under attack by a system which values profit over life, which has, and will, kill anything to satisfy its never ending greed. The earth, and therefore all of us born to it, are under attack. This pronouncement was seen in George W. Bush’s proclamations after 9/11 that the best way to fight against terrorism is to go out shopping, to continue consuming. It is because these causes would and do directly challenge the foundations of the modern liberal–democratic state that they are understood as terrorism. For example, shortly following the attacks of September 11, Alaska Representative Don Young stated that he believed the attacks may have been carried out by radical ecoterrorists linked to the WTO protests in Seattle in 1999 (Ruskin, 2001). Products backed by clinical research, clear manufacturing standards, and comprehensive safety data offer more reliable options for addressing male enhancement needs. This ensures a safer approach when it comes to addressing your male enhancement needs. Many male enhancement products have been found to contain hidden pharmaceutical compounds, such as sildenafil derivatives or unauthorized prescription medications. One of the biggest safety challenges with male enhancement products is the possibility of undisclosed ingredients. We embrace social and deep-ecology as a practical resistance movement.Such forms of domination were simply accepted as common sense or natural until they were challenged (Van Dijk, 1993).For example, when a Wal-Mart or Nike shop was attacked and criticized for its global policies, it was recorded as an attack targeting a “multinational corporation”, whereas the office of a regional energy company was recorded as a “business property”.While this literature tends to focus on the Supreme Court, its application to federal justices is also enlightening.In other words, they repeatedly declare normative principles eschewing the targeting of sentient life and have so far lived up to that promise.Mara Pfeffer is a social and environmental justice organizer and educator living in Flagstaff, Arizonza.Either way this attitude demonstrates a clear misunderstanding and/or a great reluctance to accept the seriousness of the threats to life on this planet and to make a firm commitment to work to actually stop that destruction of life. Industry propaganda consistently describes activists as “extremists” who use violence to achieve their ends. In order to make animal exploitation seem acceptable rather than cruel, foolish and murderous, industries must present the violence they conduct against animals in a better light. Despite their varied interests, all these voices agree on what they consider their right to exploit animals and create a chorus of anti-animal rights propaganda. Those who profit from exploitation of animals construct narratives to justify their power over others and to make exploitation of other beings seem natural, normal and acceptable. Not only would he question his actions, his decisions would also be shaped (disciplined) by the memory of the FBI visit and the threats, both actual and perceived. The fear instilled by the initial FBI visit, the rhetoric and discourse surrounding the PATRIOT Act, and the politics of fear mobilized in a post-9/11 environment to serve specific ends had stayed with him. Here we see the manifestation of the overall intent of self-regulatory governmentality. For example, mainstream groups such as the HSUS have gone beyond self-censorship, explicitly speaking out against grassroots activism and seeking to distance themselves from being labeled as a supporter of anyone positioned as domestic terrorists by neoconservative groups such as the ALEC. The dualistic construction of good/bad forms of dissent, the construction of social boundaries, intentionally positions those who challenge State and corporate interests as separate from “acceptable” reformist organizations. As a means of resisting domestication, some green anarchists look to the process of “rewilding.” Rewilding occurs when an individual rejects civilization and attempts to reconnect with the natural world by embracing the lessons and lifestyle of gatherer-hunters and other acivilizational peoples. Emerging from the influence of writers like Lewis Mumford, Claude Levi-Straus, Stanley Diamond, and Jacques Ellul, green anarchists contend that civilization is devouring the natural world and suppressing human desires. Had led to a “decreasing importance of Deep Ecology” in the radical environmental movement and an increased importance for primitivism (p. 2). Even though green anarchism does not appeal to academic authority, it has had increasing importance within anarchist communities and has influenced the radical environmental movement, the antiglobalization movement, and the youth dropout movement. The use of pseudonyms is common within the radical environmental movement as a safeguard against government surveillance. It suddenly dawned on him that the genocide against animal nations, including the seals, was part of the same process of the genocide of the Spanish against his people. The command character of challenging forth is revealed in the ELF activists’ sense of the provocative nature of those business ventures targeted for direct actions. We might go so far as saying that the ontological space described by Heidegger and indigenous philosophy is parallel to the political space opened up by rhizomatic resistance to the war machine. Social movement theory and the study of terrorism. International social movement research vol. Eco-terrorism specifically examining stop Huntington animal cruelty (“SHAC”). When we challenge such conceptions and ask what is meant by terrorism, how is it employed, what its effects are, and who is silenced by the discourse, we engage in the process of counterhegemonic discourse, as I hope I have accomplished here. Campus News We are under attack by a system which values profit over life, which has, and will, kill anything to satisfy it’s never ending greed. It is not concerned merely with logging, genetic engineering, or even the environment for that matter; its purpose is to liberate the earth. Regarding economic rationales, given the defendable argument that the mass exploitation and destruction of nature/the natural world are driven by a capitalist imperative, that is, the need to make profit, then a rational economic response would be to underpin these profit margins. “A wonderful academic collection examining eco-terrorism and the Earth Liberation Front from a social justice, sociological, criminological, and critical perspective. “This outstanding interdisciplinary scholarly text takes us past the media and political propaganda of eco-terrorism and examines what the Earth Liberation Front is and how and why they exist.” Irrespective of one’s political or ecological perspective, these sometimes profound explorations of and engagements with ELF allow readers to form their own opinions, to experience some of the thinking that helped shape a movement.” “A Historical Scholarly Collection of Writings on the Earth Liberation Front is one of the most important and powerful texts to be published about the Earth liberation movement. “This book is an important and timely collection of essays that help expand our understanding of the ELF, specifically, and nonhuman liberation, more generally. To answer this question, it’s important to analyze the terrorism discourse that has grown around the environmental movement; often accepted uncritically, it is taken for granted that the ALF/ELF are “terrorists” writ large. How did the federal government use the terrorism discourse to prosecute Eric McDavid in a case that resulted in no actual destruction of property or the death of citizens? Far from identifying a unique form of political violence, the terrorism discourse acts to demonize actors and silence oppositional voices who criticize Western states’ claims to enlightened progress and claims of freedom, justice, and fairness. Anna, the FBI, and the Construction of a Threat This finding is supported by the scholarly literature (Ackerman, 2003, p. 162; Borum & Tilby, 2005; Bron, 1998, p. 3, 8; Leader & Probst, 2003, p. 44) in every example surveyed and places a big question mark as to the rationale for the categorization of ELF activities under “terrorism”. Throughout the 707, multinational, all incident dataset (DB1), and thus all secondary datasets, no ELF attack is reported to have caused any injuries or fatalities to human beings. Linked to the tactics chosen for attack are issues of lethality and threat to life. In Leader and Probst’s own findings, vandalism occurs slightly more commonly than arson, and thus the statement that the movement’s “prime weapon is arson” appears hyperbolic for the sake of rhetoric. Although not detailed in the study, one can assume that “het” for Helios encompasses the removal (or release) of live animals from slaughterhouses, breeding facilities, laboratories, etc. Ackerman points out that, of the few suspects who have been arrested or indicted for connections to ELF actions, “all but one have been male and most are teenagers or young adults” (2003, p. 148). By being interpretable, the ELF moniker appeals to both ends of the sacred–secular spectrum, reducing the likelihood that someone will abandon his or her adherence to the movement because of disagreements about the role of religion and myth in environmental protest. For them, the Animal Liberation Front (ALF) and the ELF are merely different expressions of the same underlying ideology, and they see this unity represented by the similarity of the two movements’ names. For instance, the United States labels property destruction by environmental activists (such as ELF) as acts of terrorism meant to incite fear among the general populace (Yang, 2005). Expanded definitions of terrorism also appear in the PATRIOT Act justifying detention without trial and expanded search and seizure provisions, all of which grant the federal government expanded instruments in pursuit of environmental radicals. Environmental activists find themselves labeled as “terrorists” by the federal government in press releases, congressional testimony, and other public discourse. Both men conspired with other individuals to destroy property as a means of protest. The charges stem from the planning and preparation to destroy four targets symbolic of supporting environmental degradation (Scott, 2008). On March 6, 2008, Eric McDavid was convicted on charges of conspiracy to destroy property by fire or explosion. Statutes did exist at the federal level which could be applied in these cases, yet none were invoked. Activists participating in property destruction were convicted based upon existing statutes dealing with arson, incendiary devices, and vandalism. Comparisons between ecotage and civil disobedience provide a persuasive evaluation of radical resistance, enabling a multifaceted understanding of actions and their potential justification (Vanderheiden, 2005, pp. 425–447). The 29 cases in the data set are found in press releases, newspaper articles, congressional testimony, environmental activist message boards, and civil rights newsletters. This date is chosen as the point of departure due to a concerted effort from federal law enforcement to crack down on environmental activists and any entities construed as terrorist elements. However, since the argument is about federal attention to these acts, the sampling demonstrates shifts over time in the public attention granted to environmental activists. The method of pursuit, the tactics, and state descriptions of property destruction set a clear agenda for courts and judges to issue aggressive sentences to environmental activists. Night and day, heat and cold, one and the other in their multiplicity must be accepted as valid in that and in what they are within the balance of life. The figure of Votan–Zapata decisively transforms the nationalist issue by grounding Mexican tradition in the spiritual traditions of the people who have lived in the land for millennia. But we must not overlook the radical rupture that occurs when introducing the indigenous aspect. According to the NAELFPO, “The actions contained on the pages below comprise a complete history of ELF actions in North America and globally” (NAALPO, 2009a). The database utilized throughout this analysis was created from the “diary of actions” hosted on the NAELFPO’s website. Throughout the discussion contained herein, the findings have been compared to studies presented in academic journals, as well as government reports, in an attempt to evaluate the ELF’s attack history in the light of assertions made about the movement’s behaviours. These findings are drawn from an analysis of the movement’s attack history as presented via their above-ground support structure, the North American Earth Liberation Front Press Office (NAELFPO) (BBM, n.d.; NAALPO, n.d.). This new movement, which the ELF would later call the “Autonome squatters movement,” deployed their tactics in the struggle against fascists. Fascists attempted to clandestinely enter and distort the movement through a so-called “Strategy of Tension” inspired by fascist occultist Julius Evola. The Autonomist movement soon became contentious. By structural exploitation, I am referring to the exploitation embedded in the very fabric of a society, where systems, institutions, policies or cultural beliefs can and do meet the needs and rights of some at the expense of others (Schirch, 2004). The potential for discussions of overt and more structurally exploitative State actions was sidelined. In essence, the status quo and the interests served were rendered unquestioned, with the actions of individuals, as unpatriotic, becoming the focus of public debate. Policing would be undertaken by the populace in the sense of the social boundary created and by individuals based on perceptions of risk and not wanting to be labeled as unpatriotic. “In a book as in everything else, there are lines of segmentarity, strata, territorialities; but also lines of flight, movements of de-territorialisation, and destratification” (Deleuze & Guattari, 1987, pp. 3–4). In these and other discursive figures and their related actions the EZLN and the ELF are clarifying a set of revolutionary principles rooted in indigenous decentering of subjective identity. These movements liberate by rupturing the conceptual foundations, the received organizational forms, and the illegitimacy of everyday action in the corporate–state world order. Certainly, Deleuze and Guattari’s rhizome is among the apt literary-biological metaphors for describing the postmodern character of revolutionary environmentalism. Motivation and explanation become irrelevant because the discourse of terrorism provides a self-explanatory and circular logic; terrorism is the result of terrorists. Smith (2008) points out that in “2002, an FBI memo indicated that potential terrorist groups included ‘anarchists,’ ‘animal rights extremists,’ and ‘environmental extremists’” (p. 16). The discourse on terrorism is essentially a refusal “to grant terrorism and terrorists the consideration of whether or not such actions may be justifiable—for, if they are justifiable, they are no longer ‘terrorism’” (Stampnitzky, 2013, p. 4). Optivell Reviews:- Does This Vision Supplement Actually Reduce Digital Eye Fatigue? The outcome is a perception of autonomy, which is betrayed by self-regulation (at the individual level in line with the social context).As a Mayan elder put it “you see the seed that cannot survive without its people, and we cannot survive without our corn” (Organic Consumers, n.d.).The Animal Enterprise Protection Act (AEPA) “characterizes terrorism as physical disruption caused to the functioning of an animal enterprise” (Unknown, 1993, p. 247).Bio Peak is a natural supplement formulated to support and improve male sexual health.Individuals convicted of ELF-style actions have been given severe sentences and those people who publicly advocate for and defend the group have been harassed and have had their homes raided.Vanderheiden develops spheres of defensible acts of ecotage which do not constitute terrorism, yet also fall outside of civil disobedience.Court cases provide evidence of the continuing danger and threat from terrorism, which, in turn, provides the justification for the increased domestic security measures.What we need right now is a new, empowered, and strategically effective environmental movement to resist the power of capital.AETA states that any threat to capital is an act of terrorism, specifically whenever it disrupts profit. I have chosen his dissertation because it is the most comprehensive body of radical environmentalist activists’ communiqués that I have encountered. In fact, working for such a world places me at odds with the political, economic, and social systems and institutions that prioritize commerce over people and nature. This has been the experience of all indigenous and colonized people throughout history and now it is becoming the experience of all activists attempting to alter the course of political and economic power. For many environmental activists, meaningful experiences of place are frequently nullified by economic and political imperatives of resource exploitation. A former Christian Reformed Church preacher, Ludwig was intensely conservative on social issues. Two of these counts were for mischief by destroying property and possessing an explosive substance (Nikiforuk, 2001, p. 247). Today, the idea that environmentalism is an exclusively liberal cause continues to be popularly held despite some recent developments that would challenge such views. Especially in America, environmental concerns have been represented as anti-capitalist propaganda under another flag. Thus far, academic literature pertaining to leaderless resistance has focused on its use as an effective strategy for avoiding detection, infiltration, and prosecution by a powerful state (Garfinkel, 2003; Kaplan, 1997, pp. 90–93; Leader & Probst, 2003, p. 39). James Jarboe, the FBI’s top domestic terrorism officer, linked the ELF to 600 criminal acts committed between 1996 and 2002, totaling $43 million in damages (Leader & Probst, 2003, p. 38). The notion of leaderless resistance may have inspired the bombings carried out by Timothy McVeigh and Eric Rudolph (Mitrovica, 2004), but it has thus far failed to take hold widely among adherents of the racist far right in the way that Beam envisioned (Beam, 1983, 1992). April 19, 2005 marked the tenth anniversary of the bombing of the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, an act that some have described as being an example of “leaderless resistance” (Burghardt, 1995; Kaplan, 1997; Mitrovica, 2004). Eco-terrorism specifically examining the Earth Liberation Front (“ELF”) and the Animal Liberation Front (“ALF”). In this sense, an ethos of care allows a human or nonhuman being to become what it is. A human being, like any entity, is—s/he stands forth as present. It is in the context of nihilism that “Being can occur in its primal truth.” Heidegger describes the possibility of a return of Being as a refigured humanism. For Heidegger, the fundamental danger presented by Enframing is that human beings will become incapable of grasping their essence as a being that can attain a thoughtful awareness of the relationship to Being. Nevertheless, corporate propagandists and lobby groups pushed the ecoterrorism label and used it to demand stronger laws to specifically protect animal exploitation industries. Most animal activists probably have concern for the environment, recognizing that protection of habitat is necessary to protect endangered species. The Physiologist acknowledges that “most extremist animal rights-related acts continue to be small-scale and fairly haphazard” (Unknown, 1993, p. 251). This distorts the ALF’s approach in very significant ways, characterizing it as a violent group ready and willing to harm humans to help other animals. Clearly, The Physiologist deliberately distorts the ALF’s philosophy, tactics and goals by deleting the words “by performing non-violent direct actions and liberations” from the third guideline and by omitting the fourth guideline entirely (Unknown, 1993). Other related radical environmentalist movements (REM) here would include the Animal Liberation Front (ALF; who have often issued joint communiqués and expressions of solidarity with the ELF), and others ranging from Earth First! To seek effective ways that carry with the promise of liberation of “social justice activists” from the accusation of “terrorism” is not a trivial concern. The second and greater part of the chapter makes the case for deconstructing dominant narratives of terrorism (Loadenthal, 2013b) that uncouples its attribution to the ELF and related radical non-violent social justice movements. Anna first came to the attention of the FBI following a class report she presented on the Free Trade Agreement of the Americas (FTAA) protests for a political science course (U.S. v. McDavid, 2007, p. 199).For them, the Animal Liberation Front (ALF) and the ELF are merely different expressions of the same underlying ideology, and they see this unity represented by the similarity of the two movements’ names.Social defense, social change.This book is a valuable text for criminologists, sociologists, environmental advocates, politicians, political scientists, activists, community organizers, and religious leaders.This hostility to unionism and class-based movements has placed green anarchists at odds with anarcho-communists, social ecologists, and other members of the political left, limiting any collaboration between the groups.Mapping the relationship between conservatism and environmentalism.In 1995 and 1996, Congress passed the Omnibus Counterterrorism Act and the Federal Crime Bill and the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act, respectively, in the wake of the Oklahoma City bombing (Singh, 2006, pp. 71–93). “For those interested in the history of radical and revolutionary organizations whose strategies and tactics involve both violent and non-violent action, this book is indispensable. The essays avoid some of the more common knee-jerk reactions and engage the issues in thoughtful, critical, and intellectually stimulating ways. “The editors have successfully brought together an amazing collection of pivotal essays from academic journals on the subject of direct action and environmentalism. Similar intimidation tactics (not backed by any actual threats) were used by the federal government in the mid-1970s during the trials of various American Indian Movement (AIM) activists (Churchill & Vander Wall, 2001; Matthiessen, 1992).In doing so, it denounces nonviolent political tactics such as tree-sits and protests (and even pixie-styled ecotage) as failures.The practical goal of rewilding “involves both accessing our present situation and looking back to what has been done before by people” in an attempt to survive in modern civilization and prepare for a postcivilizational world (Anarchy & Collective, 2004, p. 31).With the medicalization of emotions, ableism of mental health standards, embracing emotion and radical vulnerability becomes key to resistance.Inhofe compared the ALF and ELF to al-Qaeda and claimed that, like the latter, these “terrorist” groups draw money from “mainstream activists” including PETA.Anarchist criminology against racism and ableism and for animal liberation. To let those in power deny you access to life is not now nor is it ever acceptable. Embracing meaninglessness is not an option in a universe filled with life. There are many out there who would willingly give their lives—myself included—if we thought it would stop the rape, pillage, and genocide of our current culture. The broadly supported protest actions were organized to coincide with a World Trade Organization (WTO) meeting taking place in the downtown area, and “went beyond demanding change…, rather using protest to deligitimate capital itself” (Gordon, 2009, p. 253). Paralleling such willingness to sacrifice civil liberties, certain types of dissent, specifically those that challenge normative ideals in a radical sense, are relationally positioned as deviant and socially unacceptable. Less visible implications include one’s own reflections on what ideas and actions are suitable in a normative and socially acceptable sense. The foundations of self-regulation are located in (contested) hegemonic discourse (Rose & Miller, 2010, pp. 277–279). The outcome is a perception of autonomy, which is betrayed by self-regulation (at the individual level in line with the social context). To do this, deep ecologists want society to give moral weight to the natural world in making political and social decisions. They also lament the loss of natural diversity in the face of civilization, promote either the radical decentralization of power or the abolition of corporate and state power altogether, and want to restore humankind’s intimate connection with the natural world. Secondly, we should recognize the important role that political compromise and “moving to the center” play in radicalizing activists. That bio-confinement of the bio-engineered corn flooding Mexico after NAFTA does not work is evident in the very place where corn first emerged as one of the most vital of human food sources. As for many meso-Americans, the Mayans hold that corn—red, black, yellow, and white—is the original ancestor of all humans. While Marx considered capitalism to be beneficial in creating the infrastructure from which lower and higher stages of communism would spring, Marcos depicts the malevolence of a form of expropriation from the Earth unhinged from any sense of indigenous reality. As predicted, US government-subsidized corn imports are undercutting Chiapaneco farmers’ corn, deepening the oppression in the state. Seventy-two percent of children do not finish first grade—the richest state in natural resources has the worst schools. Some harmony male enhancement of the key ingredients in Bio Peak Male Enhancement include L-arginine, horny cq10 male enhancement goat weed extract, saw palmetto berry, and Asian red ginger extract. Bio Peak Male Enhancement works through its powerful blend of ingredients that are specifically chosen for their potential benefits on male sexual health. However most people achieve faster results when they combine the 2. Squeezing the male organ with a towel drenched with chilled water would make the erection subside. In general, the anti-GMO actions of the ELF are the most openly green anarchist in approach. The January 26, 2002 ELF communiqué, written to claim responsibility for an arson at a University of Minnesota research lab, is typical of ELF communiqués issued in conjunction with anti-GMO actions. Because of this, activists have called for an immediate ban. Biotechnology is only one new expression of this drive. We stand in solidarity with all resistance to this system, especially those who are in prison, disappeared, raped, tortured…we are all survivors and we will not stop! Within the hegemonic discourse, differences in groups or ideologies is overlooked or strained attempts are made to demonstrate how the ideologies held by terrorists are simply “terrorist” ideologies. Affiliating with a movement or ideal, however, gives them a reason and adds some sense of legitimacy” (pp. 205–206). Such potential violence is often demonstrated through reference to ideology or philosophical position. Such violence, Vanderheiden notes, is meant to serve as a threat to a secondary target of individuals, that is, if they do not adequately respond they will be met with future violence. Trials of “ecoterrorists” reinforce and reproduce the hegemonic discourse by demonstrating that defendants are inherently violent, acting irrational, and are simply evil. According to its manufacturers, Bio Peak works by addressing key areas of male health. This shift toward natural supplements stems from a desire to address intimate health challenges without potential pharmaceutical side effects. The surge in demand for male enhancement products reflects a growing awareness of sexual health concerns. One such product making its mark in this growing market is Bio Peak Male Enhancement, which positions itself as a wellness solution for those facing sexual performance issues. Revolutionary environmentalism connects both shallow and deep ecology, primitivism, anarchism, indigenous spirituality, and the Zapatistas! Zapatista discourse recalls revolutionary heroes, provisions of the Mexican constitution, features of Mayan oral tradition and practice, and neo-Marxism. The explicitly political character of the authors’ analysis here should not be overlooked. Language…is “an essentially heterogeneous reality.” There is no mother tongue, but a seizure of power by a dominant tongue within a political multiplicity. A rhizome endlessly connects semiotic chains, power organizations, occurrences relating to the arts, the sciences or to social struggles. Deep ecologists are dedicated to the ideal of all living beings (plants, animals, even ecosystems as a whole) living together without being commodified as “resources” or used, oppressed, or destroyed for economic reasons. This decentralized structure helps keep activists out of jail and free to continue conducting actions. For the ELF and their supporters, the environmental crisis is real and severe; they believe that extraordinary times demand extraordinary actions. (an aboveground nonviolent radical environmental group) who refused to abandon criminal acts as a tactic when others wished to move the group into the mainstream (EarthLiberationFront.com, n.d.a). Through prosecutions like Eric McDavid’s, courts serve to reinforce the social understanding of terrorism and its application to the number one domestic terrorist threat, the ALF/ELF. Federal courts are embedded within the political and social structure. Confidential informants also play an important role in the reproduction of the terrorism discourse by providing confirming evidence for law enforcements’ focus on specific groups. Intelligence becomes the primary arena in which terrorism is fought because the terrorist discourse represents the threat as a shadowy and insidious threat. I hope that what the case of Eric McDavid demonstrates is the way in which questionable assumptions in the terrorism discourse were simply recycled to present Eric as a dangerous threat. Radical ecology, repressive tolerance, and zoöcide. Popular dissent, human agency, and global politics. The escalating battle between activists and the corporate-state complex. In the wake of increasing repression and attempts to stifle dissent, there are also positives. Is one group which might be tracked, in part because it supports an environmental preservation philosophy. an effective way to begin tracking potential ELF members is to track active members of other environmental organizations with similar ideologies … Earth First! Focusing on a preventative model of policing has meant that the FBI must focus on the processes that lead to violent terrorism, which has meant looking for sources that produce terrorists. This threat narrative presents terrorism as only being able to be overcome through intensive information gathering (Ackerman & Yuhas, 2015). Sapone had approached numerous other activists, all of whom rejected her incitements. The Black Panther Party initiated a number of social justice programs that continue (in some form) today, including the Free Breakfast for School Children Program. Jones (2004) and Kheel (2006) engage with the need to reflect on the appeal and implications of the heroic ideal seen in some ALF actions, including the potential attractiveness of macho posturing, for young men seeking out destructive behavior. The pervasiveness of the terrorism discourse means that label itself brings forward the image of irrational, pathological violence.In Seattle, and in the post-9/11 period, police preparedness and responses were positioned as justified, and provided a foundation for future events and actions, based on the constructed image of the threat posed (Churchill, 2001).Break off a section of a rhizomatic plant or detach or kill a part of a rhizomatic animal population and the plant or pack shoots off in other directions continuing to proliferate.The second definition, however, dealt with describing the current social order as being “so destructive and irredeemable that it needs to be taken down to its core, and to have its core removed—fits me like a glove” (Jensen, 2006b, p. 363).This is because rubber cannot regenerate as human cells do.This chapter also explores the strategic rhetorical use of “terror” attached to activists as one of several tools deployed by the federal government to realign destructive dissent with terror.Cudworth (Eds.), Anarchism and animal liberation (pp 40–58).It is only in the context of a technological assault on the Earth that one can grasp ELF and ALF arguments that revolutionary direct actions are a form of self-defense. And what emerges from these cycles are complex organisms, systems, movements, societies. Ecoqueer politics is one that embraces the queer, communal nature of emotion, the lived reality of its magic, and the ways that emotions are a key tactic of resistance and re-creation. We are not just spiraling statistics; we are people who have lives, who have purpose, who have lovers, friends and families. In the 1980s and 1990s ACT UP demonstrated how queer communities were being politically murdered through the refusal of society to publically acknowledge the AIDS epidemic. As we actively resist systems of violence, we embrace the full spectrum of emotion and vulnerability. Thus, headlines about direct actions typically claim, without proof, that these actions are growing more serious. By portraying this as terrorism, the threat to business is made to seem greater (and certainly the penalties imposed by the courts are heavier), so the role of the “expert” is made to seem more vital. Counterterrorism funding, along with military and biotechnology research brought in “$100M in 2010, placing NJIT in the top 10 engineering universities in the nation” (NJIT, 2010). Hundreds of millions of dollars are spent on counterterrorism research and can provide a financial boost to universities. Just as the military requires constant production of new enemies to justify its existence and the continued inflow of public funds, so do counterterrorism operations need a constant supply of terrorists. Most people agree that animals should not be subjected to unnecessary suffering and consider it praiseworthy to rescue them from such situations, no matter who it is that inflicts such suffering. Even when activists engage in illegal practices, much of this consists of rescuing animals from situations where they will be harmed or killed. Only a few activists engage in illegal actions and many of those acts are not “violent” at all but consist of offences such as trespassing. Despite all of our efforts (increased resources allocated, JTTFs, successful arrests and prosecutions), law enforcement has a long way to go to adequately address the problem of eco-terrorism. If an individual believes in the ideology and follows a certain set of guidelines she or he can perform actions and become a part of the ELF. This praxis—the appeal to autonomous, self-organisation, and cooperation—mirrors the organisation of the ELF. “The lack of organization also seems to fit the anti-authoritarian orientation of many ELF activists” (Leader & Probst, 2003, p. 39). Schools have also adopted “zero tolerance policies” that have resulted in exaggerated responses to minor student infractions. Students are also capable of activism and can collaboratively work toward organizing protests or other forms of resistance against injustices in their lives. By embracing these anarchist ideologues, ELF members are able to self-manage and develop autonomy. ELF represents a departure from some mainstream environmental organizations because it is not tied to corporate funding and is therefore in a position to “reject bureaucratic models of change” (Somma, 2006, p. 37). Rosebraugh (2004) highlights the competence of ELF to realize its aims as he observes, “the vast majority of ELF actions-including the most spectacular and financially devastating … have yet to be solved” (p. 176). The discourse on terrorism is essentially a refusal “to grant terrorism and terrorists the consideration of whether or not such actions may be justifiable—for, if they are justifiable, they are no longer ‘terrorism’” (Stampnitzky, 2013, p. 4).Effects are not a simple top-down description of increased state attention and condemnation, but a multidirectional interaction effect, in which courts are less responsive to the rights-claims of activists.Obviously, “medical progress” is even less likely to be served through rodeos than through vivisection but the AMP’s willingness to join with these entertainment industries shows the convergence of interests in denouncing animal rights.She is excited about emergent strategies, trans-species traumatology & healing, and struggle and sanctuary for people, land, and animals in the borderlands.Students are also capable of activism and can collaboratively work toward organizing protests or other forms of resistance against injustices in their lives.Nor am I, nor are most people.Many others were caught between concern for the use and implications of legislation such as the USA PATRIOT Act, and in not wanting to appear to support actions in which (Western) civilians were targeted. This collapse will be the result of civilization’s unsustainable quest for resources and its resulting environmental damage. In this section, the authors—using the pseudonym’s Waldorf and Stalter (the old cynics from the Muppet show)—heckle and joke about the ineffectiveness of traditional anarchist organizations and the labor union movement. Because of this, green anarchists reject unionism, antiracism, and traditional class-based political action as reifying civilization and therefore being counterrevolutionary. Coincidentally, in 1996, small groups of revolutionary environmental activists started engaging in ecotage throughout North America. (UK) decided to “neither condemn nor condone” ecotage but instead allow the formation of an “Earth Liberation Front, which would promote a radical political agenda and repertoires of sabotage” (Plows, Plows, Wall, & Doherty, 2004, p. 202). By 1992, the camp had become a meeting ground for a wide variety of environmental activists, New Agers, hippies, and punks. While lifestyle factors such as stress, poor sleep, and cardiovascular health are known to influence sexual function, many men wonder whether a fast‑acting male enhancement pill could help. By addressing these key factors, animale male enhancement price Bio Peak Male Enhancement aims to help men achieve better erections, increase stamina, and improve overall sexual performance. The most effective solutions often combine natural supplements with healthy lifestyle practices. A comprehensive approach that includes lifestyle changes, proper nutrition, regular exercise, and stress management is essential for male vitality. The perceived safety profile of natural ingredients makes them particularly appealing to health-conscious consumers seeking male enhancement solutions. Property, as a sacrosanct symbol of the right to exclude in the liberal state, leads to emotional and reactive policies when property is destroyed in the course of protest. The final section considers the theoretical implications of increasing punishment for damage to property which explicitly rejects harm to individuals. These three areas enable the reconstruction of a political, a legal, and a law enforcement climate leading to longer rates of incarceration. The answer lies in the political climate. Why would prosecutors decide to not throw the book at an admitted member of a radical organization who participated in every step of the process eventually leading to almost $1 million in destruction? All of the information necessary to use federal guidelines toward increased sentencing (as well as the federal statutes themselves; i.e., the 1995 and 1996 congressional acts) were present in this case. In a 1997 indictment, Douglas Ellerman received 16 federal counts including purchasing, constructing, and transporting five pipe bombs as well as setting fire to a fur breeding facility in Utah (Jarboe, 2002). The stakes are seemingly higher in the case of fighting terrorism rather than the preservation of law and order. Of course, it will also condemn and criminalise those whose actions profit from the intentional abuse, exploitation, and terrorising of nonhuman and more than human worlds.Counterterrorism Threat Assessment and Warning Unit, National Security Division.As we actively resist systems of violence, we embrace the full spectrum of emotion and vulnerability.The foundations of self-regulation are located in (contested) hegemonic discourse (Rose & Miller, 2010, pp. 277–279).Just as Russian Futurism emerged from the embers of the Symbolist “mystical anarchist” tendency, so had Surrealism joined the legacy of Romanticism, Dadaism, and other continental art movements seeking to challenge the narratives of Christianity, civilization, and modernity.Further, these portrayals attempt to portray the state as the progressive defender of social justice, ignoring the states’ actual position or role in constructing and reinforcing social injustice.As the inevitable, unsustainable nature of contemporary society becomes increasingly more obvious, it is important for scholars and activists to engage with the question, “what is to be done?To deal with the ongoing destruction of the natural world, the movement’s most militant wing, the Earth Liberation Front (ELF), proudly proclaims that they “work to speed up the collapse of industry, to scare the rich, and to undermine the foundations of the State” (Pickering, 2006, p. 20).While this might help explain some actions, many actions have multiple goals and are directed at multiple audiences. Judge England reproduces the idea that 9/11, a “new” kind of unprecedented violence, has ushered in a new world. There have not been many cases that have involved domestic terrorism. The ALF/ELF have taken great pains to avoid physical harm to individuals, believing that such actions would most likely undermine their goal and message. The idea here is that Eric’s actions would have been directed at producing a general fear among the larger population, misrepresenting the activist community’s goals and motivations. By incorporating Bio Peak Male Enhancement into a healthy lifestyle routine, men can enjoy a more fulfilling and satisfying sex life. In conclusion, Bio Peak Male Enhancement offers a natural and effective solution for men looking to enhance their sexual performance and overall well-being. Consulting with a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement is also advised to ensure magnum size male enhancement safety and efficacy. Some users have also reported an improvement in overall energy levels and mood, leading to a more satisfying sex life. Heidegger’s refigured humanism, like deep ecology and Native American ceremonial practice, comprises an ontological anarchism. Native American spiritual practice is fundamental to a revolutionary shift in thought and everyday behavior because, for the first time in the West, the most fundamentally destructive hierarchy, that of human dominion over nature and all nonhuman beings, is fundamentally challenged. On this felt connection is based the diverse lines of reason that allow a human world to be present in just fashion. Similarly, the caracol, containing “the sounds and silences of the world within it,” marks the spiral path by which the self turns in upon itself but simultaneously draws the external into itself in the gathering spiral. Throughout the movement’s thirteen-year history, only one attack directly targeted a human being. At the time the datasets were being constructed, a photograph of the Vail fire was featured on the ELF’s main page, cataloguing the movement’s “diary of actions” (NAALPO, 2009d). This is likely a reflection of the growing “sprawl” critique as seen in anti-globalization, anti-gentrification, anti-capitalist and anarcho-primitivist movements in the United States, a site where many ELF activists find their ideological groundings (Rosebraugh, 2004, pp. 121–126). In contrast, target types such as laboratories, ski resorts, banks and government property consistently occupy the lower levels of target selection, possibly because such areas would more commonly employ electronic surveillance systems or human guards. White argues these groups have been targeted for bias because of their critique of property, which challenges the whole capitalist system and argues that everything in our society has a specific value, which these groups are against. He also examines how other movements, such as anarchist groups, have been stigmatized in similar ways. Looking to the myth of the elves and their connection with witches, the authors support a politics of magical solidarity that elicits a radical politics that focuses on creativity and play.