In contrast, elevated testosterone concentrations promote IL-5 and, therefore, the Th2 response . Additionally, DHEA at physiological and pharmacological concentrations (5 × 10−9 to 5 × 10−6) reduces the expression of TNF-α and IL-6 by macrophages . Testosterone replacement therapy to testosterone-deficient men undergoing type 2 diabetes decreases the synthesis of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in antigen-presenting cells . Moreover, testosterone replacement therapy decreases the levels of proinflammatory cytokines. These findings reveal that testosterone and DHEA induce different effects on B-cell activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Potential Side Effects of DHEA Supplementation Iranian investigators recently reported that testosterone on day 14 after embryo transfer is predictive of pregnancy chance . Discussed in more detail below, DHEA may, indeed, represent a first such treatment! Major disturbances in chromosome alignments on the meiotic spindle of oocytes (congression failure), responsible for aneuploidy, result from the complex interplay of signals regulating folliculogenesis, and increase the risk of non-disjunction errors. Concentrations of the urinary parameters of the steroid profile were highly impacted by short-term DHEA administration including the androgen epitestosterone (60). Similar results were reported in a meta-analysis of 28 trials of DHEA therapy in symptomatic postmenopausal women (38). Two recent meta-analysis showed conflicting conclusions concerning whether DHEA improved ovarian response in women with diminished ovarian reserve (58, 59). In most large clinical trials, the function of DHEA is fairly well-tolerated. Earlier research published in 1999 made headlines for questioning whether DHEA might be a “fountain of youth,” as it connected declines in DHEA levels with many of the maladies of aging (4). The researchers cited numerous studies showing that DHEA could be beneficial in improving psychological well-being and improving symptoms of depression. Consistent with that interpretation, another group found that, although plasma DHEA and DHEAS concentrations were elevated in male veteran PTSD patients, concentrations of both hormones were directly correlated with symptom improvement and better coping . Untreated men with combat-related PTSD were found to have increased plasma DHEA and DHEAS concentrations . In another study, men with recurrent unipolar depression had low 24-hour urinary DHEA concentrations but normal cortisol concentrations, while women had normal DHEA concentrations but elevated cortisol concentrations . Patients with depression had increased diurnal minimum and mean DHEA plasma concentrations. A study examining diurnal salivary concentrations of DHEAS and cortisol in a small group of medicated but still depressed patients with unipolar depression, found that depressed patients had elevated DHEAS concentrations compared to controls . Similar treatments were given intragastrically on OVXBALB/c mice as the results showed that DHEA significantly increased the BMD in the femur and vertebra . The effects of DHEA on bone-related parameters in animal studies has been summarised in Table 2. These contrasting findings highlight the cell-type-specific effects of DHEA on bone cells and the need for further research to fully elucidate its mechanisms of action. The increase in osteoblast proliferation and differentiation induced by DHEA treatment was also observed in a study using calvarial osteoblasts isolated from female rats . The levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), suppressor of mothers against decapentaplegic 1 (SMAD1), runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), osteopontin (OP), and osteocalcin (OC) RNA were found to be increased. Genitourinary syndrome of the menopause affects 27% to 84% of postmenopausal women and can significantly impair health, sexual function, and quality of life (52). Although intriguing, the authors admit the changes observed after DHEA supplementation may be related to changes in estrogen after DHEA supplementation in women, and thus the risk/benefit of long-term administration would need to be considered. Importantly, the effect size for DHEA therapy on the bone in women was significantly less than estrogen therapy or FDA-approved osteoporosis medications. Many of the small studies where DHEA was administered for wellbeing or other targets across the lifespan found variable effects on bone quality and density (47). DHEA is often seen as a safer choice for long-term use because it doesn't usually stop your body from making its own testosterone. It works well, but it also shuts down your body's own testosterone production. Both DHEA and testosterone can be helpful, but they have very different safety profiles, and can affect your body in different ways over the long haul. In women, after the menopause, all estrogens and almost all androgens are locally developed in the peripheral tissues from dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). DHT in PCOS also causes an increase in body weight, body fat, serum cholesterol, and adipocyte hypertrophy in experimental mice. A study comparing the gene expression profile of ovaries from PCOS patients and control groups found that genes specific to the backdoor pathway biosynthesis of DHT are enhanced in PCOS patients. At the onset of puberty, the patients have a rapid increase in testosterone production from the testicles leading to the development of many secondary sexual characteristics.The quality of the studies in this analysis that reported quality of life was considered to be moderate (see summary of findings for the main comparison).Weight and height were estimated enabling a body mass index (BMI) calculation.No significant effects of DHEA were observed in any of the trial outcomes, providing no support for benefits of DHEA supplementation for episodic declarative memory, despite the significant increase of DHEA levels after treatment .An annual reduction in circulating T levels of approximately 1% to 3% and in DHEA of up to 4% has been reported 6,7,10.DHEA has triggered mania in patients taking antidepressants.One way to access the deve-lopment and integrity of cognitive function is through neuropsychology, which is the study of the relationship between brain and behavior 23, 24.Based on these findings, some even suggest that breast cancer in postmenopausal women is stimulated by prolonged intake of DHEA .This local steroid production allows for the autoregulation of the hormonal environment according to specific local needs, minimising systemic effects that are known as intracrinology. Menopause is a natural and inevitable transition for all women. Many types of hormone therapy (HRT) are available to address a woman’s... The average age of menopause is 51, but it can happen anytime after age 40. In fact, across primate species circulating adult DHEAS levels are strongly related to life span (115, 116). Many primate species, including rhesus and pigtailed macaques and yellow baboons (115) show detectable levels of circulating DHEAS post-natally (112). DHEAS produced by the fetal adrenal is present prenatally in a wide variety of primate species (111). Activation of the Sigma-1 receptor acts to increase energy production and alleviate stress-related production of oxygen free radicals. Increased IGF-1 would act directly to increase mitochondrial energy production within brain neurons. In addition, the ability of specific cognitive measures to detect specific effects of DHEA administration may be complex, and individually variable. This pattern reversed in perceptual identification, with estrogens producing a negative effect and androgens producing a positive effect. These results suggested that estrogens produced a positive effect on recognition memory, while androgens produced a negative effect. DHEA is known as a parent hormone because it is naturally produced in the body and can convert into specific steroids within the body. One such study describes a patient who was taking 200 to 300 mg of DHEA per day who went into a manic rage (7). Most big studies do not report any significant adverse effects in short-term use. In men, plasma DHEAS concentrations decrease by an average of 1% to 4% per year between the ages of 40 and 80 years 214; 313 and 2% per year in women . In addition to adrenal synthesis, evidence also indicates that DHEA and DHEAS are synthesized in the brain, further suggesting a role of these hormones in brain function and development. Hormone supplementation has been shown to increase ovarian response to fertility drugs, increased pregnancy rates, and increased the production of oocytes. It can modestly raise testosterone in individuals with low baseline levels, but effects vary widely and aren’t guaranteed, especially in healthy adults. As people age, DHEA levels typically decline, leading some individuals to use supplemental forms to support energy, mood, bone density, immune function, and overall well-being 2. DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) is a naturally occurring hormone produced by the adrenal glands, serving as a precursor to sex hormones such as testosterone and estrogen. However, research on the effectiveness of these ingredients for improving testosterone levels and sexual function has yielded mixed results, and some studies have shown no significant benefit. Friday Favorites: How to Test for Functional Vitamin B12 Deficiency Ongoing studies explore DHEA’s potential neurological benefits, including cognitive enhancement, mood regulation, and neuroprotection. Clinicians emphasize its therapeutic potential in managing hormonal deficiencies and age-related hormonal decline. Medical professionals widely acknowledge DHEA’s importance in hormonal balance, metabolic health, and overall physiological regulation. Whereas DHEA is released in an episodic fashion with a shorter half-life and modulated by stress and exposure to glucocorticoids, DHEAS has a longer half-life and stable levels across the day. Studies suggested a role for DHEA in the immune system or in improving immune response with aging, but no clinical outcome studies have been reported (4, 5). Baulieu and coworkers established that DHEAS was the most abundant steroid hormone precursor circulating in plasma (3). While this can be beneficial in some cases, excessive testosterone can cause side effects such as acne, hair loss, mood swings, and an increased risk of prostate issues in men. Combining DHEA with therapies like vitamin D and calcium supplementation may yield synergistic effects on bone health, as vitamin D enhances calcium absorption, which is crucial for bone mineralisation, while DHEA supports the hormonal pathways involved in bone formation . It could complement other treatments, such as bisphosphonates or selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), to strengthen bones and reduce fracture risk in osteoporosis patients. Exogenous DHEA administration and performance: Possible mechanisms of action and metabolic signature If there were 10 or more studies in an analysis, we planned to use a funnel plot to explore the possibility of small study effects (a tendency for estimates of the intervention effect to be more beneficial in smaller studies); this however was not performed. We searched for all published and unpublished randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effects of DHEA in menopausal women, without language restriction and in consultation with the Menstrual Disorders and Subfertility Group (MDSG) Trials Search Co‐ordinator. Inconsistent findings have been published on the effects of DHEA in menopausal women and much of the data from clinical trials are limited by small sample sizes and short duration of treatment (Cameron 2005; Panjari 2010). Doses of 50 mg and above have shown androgenic side effects (for example acne and increased hair growth) (Kroboth 1999; Panjari 2010). Concerning the endogenous levels of DHEA and/or DHEA-S, 12 articles were found. Considering the recent speculation about the relationship between cognition and DHEA and DHEA-S, this paper aims to review the relationship between DHEA, DHEAS and cognitive functions. Neuropsychological evaluation is a way of investigating different cognitive functions and their relations with brain function and its neurochemical factors, such as DHEA and DHEA-S. Dehydroepiandrosterone, Its Sulfate and Cognitive Functions Endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) can be activated by increased cytosolic calcium or direct phosphorylation. Most of the research to date identifying the mechanism(s) responsible for DHEA action has focused on cytosolic/nuclear hormone receptors, as this is the principal mechanism for steroid action, as described previously for the estrogen receptor (Levin, 2005; Evinger and Levin, 2005). Although ligand activation and changes in receptor protein levels have been shown to clearly alter PPARα function, phosphorylation of PPAR can also affect its activity (see review by Diradourian et al., 2005). In neocortical neurons , DHEA at low nanomolar concentrations increased the length of Tau-immunopositive neurites. Although, one study has found increased pregnenolone sulfate in the brains of Sprague-Dawley rats after i.v. Whereas DHEAS is the most abundant circulating steroid hormone in the human body , rats and mice (the species typically studied) have low circulating concentrations of DHEA(S) in the periphery 71; 323. The administration of 500 nM DHEA was neurotoxic to rat hippocampal cultures when given alone, but was neuroprotective against the toxic effects of corticosterone when co-administered with 100 nM corticosterone .Women with DOR are known to demonstrate significantly increased miscarriage rates in comparison to other infertility etiologies .This can positively influence adrenal health, the glands responsible for DHEA production.The fact that many FTM patients still have some or all of their natal internal reproductive organs (i.e., uterus, ovaries and adnexa) even after transition, poses additional questions of how to perform routine gynecologic surveillance.Patients may also show hyperglycaemia , IR 24–28, hyperinsulinemia 21, 47, metabolic syndrome , hypercholesterolemia , higher mean diastolic blood pressure 25, 26, and higher BMI levels .Swiss longevity biotech committed to delivering clinically proven products to promote cellular rejuvenation and healthspan.In FTM patients receiving HRT who have not undergone gonadectomy, circulating estradiol levels do not increase, reflecting the impact of suppression of native estrogen production rather than an increase in peripheral estradiol production by aromatization (21).The fetal adrenal is very large in utero and then atrophies after birth, meaning DHEAS levels decline rapidly post-natally, with levels among adults generally low across primate species (112). Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA): Pharmacological Effects and Potential Therapeutic Application This trial included 24 postmenopausal women and reported a beneficial effect for DHEA compared to tibolone for improvement of sexual function. Two trials (Dayal 2005; Genazzani 2011) compared the effects of DHEA and HT on sexual function. One study (Genazzani 2011) including 24 postmenopausal women investigated continuous outcomes and showed a slightly beneficial effect for DHEA. One study that investigated dichotomous outcomes (type and frequency of menopausal symptoms) and could therefore not be included in the meta‐analysis showed no significant differences in frequency of various menopausal symptoms between treatments (Gupta 2013). Nevertheless, DHEA inhibited the osteoclastogenesis of BMMs through significant inhibition of TRAP-positive cell formation, suggesting that DHEA may have a suppressive effect on osteoclast differentiation and function. Similarly, the latest study investigating the role of DHEA in facilitating osteoblast differentiation was then conducted, whereby the DHEA mechanism was explored in hBM-MSCs together with osteogenic induction medium (OIM) . However, DHEA likely operates through multiple interconnected pathways to promote osteoblast differentiation and bone mineralisation. Clearly, keeping your DHEA tank filled as you age is crucial! So without enough DHEA as the starter material, your testes can’t output optimal testosterone. Restoring DHEA as the precursor reservoir is wise for supporting healthy masculinity. Now let’s move on to bonus Evidence-backed lifestyle tips for pumping up low testosterone. The administration of 5 mg/kg per day of DHEA, either orally or intragastrically for 90 days, resulted in an increase in trabecular bone volume in the vertebrae and femur of OVX mice.As organisms age, damage can gradually accumulate …Fluasterone, when compared to DHEA, is also a more potent G6PD inhibitor as well as a more potent anti-glucocorticoid , anti-diabetic and anti-obesity 10,42 agent, and has at least comparable activity in cancer chemoprevention 10-13.B cells are important for the adaptive immune response, as they develop into antibody-producing cells that are indispensable for killing numerous pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites 101,102.Exposure of NT2 neurons to prooxidants increased mRNA and protein levels of β-site Aβ precursor protein-cleaving enzyme (BACE) .In vitro, DHEAS (10−8 M and 10−6 M) has been found to stimulate dopamine release from rat hypothalamic cells in primary cultures . When I test DHEA levels, I often use saliva tests as part of an adrenal hormone profile. It acts as a building block for other hormones, including testosterone and estrogen. In an analysis of 9 brands of A'dione, 6 contained less than 90% of the amount stated on the label, 1 contained no A'dione, and 1 was actually found to contain 10 mg of testosterone.35 Furthermore, in the same study, 20 of 24 men ingesting A'dione (100 or 300 mg/d) would have tested positive for the banned steroid nandrolone based on levels of 19-norandrosterone (a metabolite of nandrolone) found in the urine. The failure to increase strength or lean body mass further suggests that exogenous DHEA and A'dione must first be converted to testosterone to achieve an anabolic effect. Discuss with your doctor, Start low and slow with dosing, and monitor body changes. Now a quick look at potential issues with long term supplementation. Taking mg DHEA with glandular/nutrient support promotes robust levels. By 70+ years old, you may only retain 10-20% of the DHEA (and resultant testosterone) that you had in your virile youth! To see any graphs, charts, graphics, images, and quotes to which Dr. Greger may be referring, watch the above video. Proficient in Medical writing, manuscript writing on clinical research, health information , Food and nutrition. Over a period of four to five months supplementation is required to show its maximum efficacy. Studies say a minimum of two months of DHEA supplementation is required before retrieving the eggs for IVF. You may take DHEA in the morning to be in sync with the natural system as the body also makes DHEA during this time. Research shows that DHEA and DHEAS, as well as their metabolites, have a wide range of effects on numerous organs and organ systems, which places them in the group of potential pharmacological agents useful in various clinical entities. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is the most abundant steroid hormone in primates, which is predominantly synthesized in the adrenal cortex. If bonobos show age-related increases in DHEA/S similar to those clearly documented for wild chimpanzees by Sabbi et al. (4), together the two species would represent a common pattern useful as a single comparison for humans. Lasco 2001 published data only The analysis of the studies’ design clarified data and showed a positive correlation between DHEA-S and global cognition in women and men, and positive correlations with working memory, attention and verbal fluency in women only. These findings call the attention for the longer exposure and higher concentrations to these hormones in men, which may explain the differences between genders in this review. In postmenopausal women, these levels may become undetectable in several cases. This factor can explain why this finding contradicts other cross-sectional studies that demonstrate a positive correlation between DHEA-S and global cognition in both gender and memory in women. This finding also corroborates a previously study which suggested that age related changes of human DHEA metabolic pathways may contribute to the relative inefficacy of DHEA replacement therapy. This enhancement activates the SMAD signalling pathway, leading to increased expression of osteoblast-related genes and promoting bone mineralisation. This activation promotes osteoblast differentiation by facilitating the phosphorylation of transcription factors, leading to increased expression of osteogenic markers and enhanced bone formation. The impact of altered testosterone and oestrogen levels on mood and behaviour is a concern, particularly in vulnerable populations. Long-term DHEA supplementation may affect liver function due to the liver’s role in metabolising hormones. Some studies have reported side effects, such as hormonal imbalances, which could potentially increase the risk of adverse events. For some, the decline is steep and happens early on, especially if you are under chronic stress, not getting enough sleep, or have other underlying health conditions.Moreover, Hu et al. showed that DHEA supplementation could enhance the expression of the androgen receptor (AR) in preovulatory granulosa cells .He has since spent his adult life working to increase his own longevity, with impressive results that exceed those of Bryan Johnson and his Project Blueprint protocols.These can include herbal therapies, acupuncture, and supplementation with DHEA, Melatonin, and Co-Q-10.So in this blog I will try to summarize what we know based on a number of studies that I have reviewed.The researchers cited numerous studies showing that DHEA could be beneficial in improving psychological well-being and improving symptoms of depression.The Panax red ginseng used in our study was produced according to the method previously developed by Lee et al. .It's important for building muscles, keeping your bones strong, and even affecting your mood and energy.DHEA may increase the concentrations of the benzodiazepine triazolam, and decrease the effectiveness of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination for tuberculosis.I may also measure DHEA-S, the inactive storage form, which can be tested through saliva or blood. The zona reticularis develops as primordial stem cells located at the surface of the adrenal cortex move from the zona glomerosa through the zona fasicularis to their final residence in the zona reticularis (52, 96). Lancy and Grove (74) point out that in many societies children are considered incapable of learning before this age, consistent with the importance of LDLFC for the development of executive function (75). Most obviously, the 5-to-8 transition to middle childhood, referred to as the “age of reason and responsibility” by White (73), maps onto the effects of DHEA on LDLPC from 4 to 8 years. IGF-1 also has been implicated in the development of zona reticularis (52), suggesting that higher IGF-1 titers could promote a thicker zona reticularis and increased DHEAS production. It can be an over-the-counter, cost-effective strategy for a wide range of problems in individuals with low levels, but for optimal dosing patients should consider consulting a physician. The determination to use DHEA in these patients should be discussed with a doctor knowledgeable in DHEA use and function. Side effects will differ between men and women, and are usually dose dependent. In addition to proper nutrition, regular exercise and stress management, maintaining normal levels of DHEA is essential for controlling metabolic syndrome. DHEA supplementation may slow bone loss in women with low DHEA levels, though the optimal dosage and long-term safety remain uncertain. The decline in both oestrogen and androgen levels after menopause or with ageing accelerates bone loss, making DHEA supplementation a potential option for restoring hormonal balance. The complexities of bone metabolism and the interplay among various hormones highlight that, while DHEA can influence oestradiol levels, individual responses may vary based on factors such as baseline hormone levels, age, and overall health. The exact molecular pathways through which DHEA exerts these effects are still being elucidated. By decreasing RANKL levels, DHEA reduces the signalling that leads to the maturation and activation of osteoclasts. It binds to the RANK receptor on osteoclast precursors, promoting their differentiation into mature osteoclasts, which are responsible for bone resorption. DHEA can also modulate the RANKL/OPG ratio, thereby inhibiting osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. The osteogenic effects of DHEA are mediated through various signalling pathways, as shown in Figure 2, including IGF−1, MAPK, PI3K, and BMP2 signalling. However, the potential influence of such metabolic factors on DHEA supplementation outcomes could introduce bias.The upregulation of these key osteogenic genes provides mechanistic insights into how DHEA could help restore bone health by promoting osteoblast differentiation from mesenchymal stem cell precursors.Get access to your health record, communicate with your doctor, see test results, pay your bill and more.You might also be wondering if Bryan Johnson is taking the right approach with his supplements, prescription drugs, hormone therapies, blood transfusions, and lifestyle interventions.Similarly, a significant increase in testosterone was observed in young men after a 200-mg dose.6 However, significance was only noted when the area under the curve was used as the measure, as no differences were observed when comparing the individual time points (0, 30, 60, and 90 minutes) used to establish the area under the curve.Therefore, large-scale randomized, controlled trials, with comparable dosages and adequate treatment durations are warranted to further understand the risks and benefits of DHEA, and draw reliable conclusions.AMH increases in parallel to length of DHEA supplementation, and this increase is more pronounced in younger POA than older DOR patients (Figure 5).The strongest evidence for DHEA appears to be in favor of its use to treat erectile dysfunction and other sexual problems in men. In postmenopausal women DHEA has been hypothesized to increase the incidence of breast cancer and caution is advised. The effects of DHEA on menopausal women may differ from HT because of the additional androgenic effect of DHEA (Dobs 2002; Labrie 2005). Low estradiol levels can cause vaginal dryness, which may lead to diminished sexual function (Hoffman 2012; Speroff 2005). For these study participants, conflicting conclusions may result from different research designs and DHEA dosage. Moreover, DHEA can reverse cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, improve collagen and fibronectin formation and function, and decrease myocardial fibrosis. According to the Women’s Health Initiative Study, the recommended treatment is using the lowest dose of intravaginal estrogen for the shortest duration. A battery of tests was administered at the beginning (T1) and at the end (T2) of the treatment period. The comparison between the first and the last assessments found no statistically significant associations between DHEA-S levels and cognition . DHEA-S blood levels were measured, and neuropsychological assessments were performed every two years. Both transversal and longitudinal assessments did not show any correlations between hormones and cognition 30, 31. Another study, published into two papers, evaluated 86 elderly people using an extended neuropsychological battery. Further clinical and laboratory study is needed to better establish safety and dosing guidelines in transgender patients. Very little is known about the long-term effects of steroid hormone modulation on breast tissue in this population. A significant improvement in AMH levels pre- and post-supplementation of DHEA was noted supporting its beneficial role of DHEA in diminished ovarian reserve. We included randomised controlled trials comparing any dose and form of DHEA by any route of administration versus any other active intervention, placebo or no treatment for a minimal treatment duration of seven days in peri‐ and postmenopausal women. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is one of the main precursors of androgens, which in turn are converted to testosterone and estrogens. During menopause a decreasing ovarian follicular response generally causes a fluctuation and eventual decrease in estrogen levels. Both authors are also listed as inventors on other, still pending patent applications in regards to DHEA effects on ovarian function, and on other patents, unrelated to the topic of this communication. Furthermore, the general and sexual effects are not due to the actions of DHEA alone but due to its function as a precursor of multiple androgens, especially testosterone and estradiol as well 9,10. Meanwhile DHEA is a prohormone, it is claimed to have several positive effects on age-related disorders. Patients with decreasing testosterone levels were older than patients with a steady testosterone level . Lymphocytes are extremely important cells in the immune response; they synthesize cytokines that modulate the differentiation, proliferation, activation, and secretion of molecules in cells of the immune system. In addition, lowering the androgen concentration in mice by castration promotes the maturation of dendritic cells . Dendritic cells are specialists in immune surveillance, antigen capture, antigen processing and presentation to T cells; this interaction promotes the maturation of naive T cells into Th1 or Th2 lymphocytes, which is indispensable for the development of the adaptive immune response. Pretreatment with the estrogen receptor blocker tamoxifen and the androgen receptor blocker flutamide did not affect the DHEA-induced Akt increase, suggesting that DHEA’s effects were not mediated through its conversion to estrogens or androgens. In another study, DHEA increased neurogenesis in addition to neuronal survival in cultures of human neural stem cells derived from fetal cortex . In mouse embryonic neuronal culture, DHEA (10−8 and 10−7 M) treatment increased neuronal survival, with higher concentrations (10−6, 10−5, and 10−4 M) being less effective in a dose-dependent manner . Thus, since DHEA is found in appreciable concentrations in brains of both human beings and rodents, rodents may indeed be a good model for studying the function of DHEA in the brain, but may not be an appropriate model for studying peripheral effects of these steroids. During perimenopause there is a fluctuation in estrogen levels due to decreasing ovarian follicular response (Hoffman 2012; Rosen 2011; Speroff 2005).Knock out of IGF-1R or the GHR in female mice leads to ductular growth failure, which is comparable to the effects produced by the knockout of estrogen receptors (ER), as expected.Although not in PTSD patients per se, a study of 19 men undergoing stressful military training including captivity exercises showed significant increases in both cortisol and DHEAS in saliva during the acute stress of training .After initial evaluation, two experts in the field independently inspected and evaluated potentially eligible studies for exclusion and inclusion.Its significant biological functions include enhancing energy metabolism, supporting hormonal balance, and contributing to overall health and wellness.In addition to adrenal synthesis, evidence also indicates that DHEA and DHEAS are synthesized in the brain, further suggesting a role of these hormones in brain function and development.According to one study, enhancement of enzyme activities, hexokinase, and phosphofructokinase is caused by upregulation of GLUT-4, and it will lead to glycolysis in the skeletal muscle . Our personalized plans are designed to give you peace of mind, and make you feel at home in your body again. Each box contains 30 daily packets, and the website emphasizes a research-driven, comprehensive approach to supplementation, offering both one-time purchases and subscriptions. TMW Longevity is a supplement company that offers a daily-use product called Essential Longevity, designed to support overall health, vitality, and longevity. Women between the ages of 35–45 and 45–55 have normal ranges of 1.0–3.0 µg/mL and 0.7–1.6 µg/mL, respectively . At around 25 years of age, plasma DHEAS declines gradually thereafter at a rate of 10% per decade 2,3. Adrenal cortex starts producing these hormones during puberty, which peaks in early adulthood. Macrophages and neutrophils phagocytize microorganisms and degrade them in their phagolysosomes, where reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated by the respiratory burst . Regarding other androgens, DHT increases the expression of autoimmune regulatory transcription factor (AIRE) in the thymus , which promotes immune tolerance and leads to a lower incidence of autoimmune diseases. In contrast, DHEA reduces thymus size in healthy female rats , confirming that the effect of DHEA is sex-dependent. Men with androgenic alopecia are genetically predisposed to higher 5-alpha-reductase enzyme levels and androgen receptor activity in the hair follicles. Prostate cancer also characteristically demonstrates an increase in the activity of DHT. But in some patients, 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, such as finasteride and dutasteride, are indicated. There are a few potential side effects of females supplementing with DHEA for fertility that one should be aware of before taking the hormone-based supplement. That said, the effects of DHEA increase over time and reach their peak after approximately 4-5 months. One should aim for at least 6-8 weeks of DHEA supplementation prior to a fertility treatment cycle. In one study no descriptions of randomisation, allocation, blinding and attrition were reported and due to a difference in baseline scores the end scores were not reliable for both quality of life and sexual function. Eighteen studies did not provide data on how many women completed the trial and were included for analysis and they were therefore graded as unclear. There were not enough data from the studies to undertake meaningful subanalyses of the various elements of sexual function. Where studies did provide scores for the separate elements of sexual function, libido was chosen as the function to represent sexual function. Most studies utilised questionnaires with a total score to represent sexual function as a whole as opposed to splitting up the various elements such as libido, dyspareunia etc. Other features occurring before the age of 35 include PCOS-like hormonal pattern, metabolic abnormalities, and/or trend towards higher BMI values . While women readily perceive irregular menses, hirsutism, acne, and/or defluvium, early-onset AGA may be seen as a part of the normal masculine virilization . Since women with PCOS also present similar metabolic abnormalities and a higher risk for CVDs , these findings seem to support the hypothesis of the existence of a male PCOS-equivalent. Patients may also show hyperglycaemia , IR 24–28, hyperinsulinemia 21, 47, metabolic syndrome , hypercholesterolemia , higher mean diastolic blood pressure 25, 26, and higher BMI levels . Choosing between DHEA and testosterone isn't just about what you can easily buy; it's about what's right for your body and your health goals. This is because testosterone can have significant effects on the body, and it's important to make sure it's used safely and appropriately. It's important to have regular check-ups and blood tests to keep an eye on your hormone levels and overall health if you're using either of these supplements. It's important to talk to a healthcare professional who can evaluate your hormone levels, assess your symptoms, and help you weigh the pros and cons of each option. Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor alpha (PPARα) DHEA, or dehydroepiandrosterone, is a chemical naturally occurring in the body that is frequently suggested as a supplement for female fertility patients. Advanced imaging techniques, such as high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT), should be utilised to visualise changes in bone structure and density in response to DHEA supplementation. These studies can provide a more comprehensive understanding of how DHEA affects bone strength and fracture risk. It is recommended to conduct biomechanical studies that assess not only bone density but also bone quality, including parameters such as the microarchitecture and mechanical properties. Saijo et al. found that ERβ-specific ligands mediate the recruitment of CtBP corepressor complexes to AP-1 and thereby repress inflammatory gene expression via a transrepression mechanism in microglial cells . ERβ activation, on the contrary, has been shown to antagonize the proliferative effects of ERα activation in the mammary glands of rats . Employing such agonists, it has been demonstrated that ERβ activation does not lead to some of the classical estrogen hormonal actions, such as uterine and breast epithelial hyperplasia, which are mediated by ERα. Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) both belong to the family of nuclear steroid receptors which share a common four-unit structure and act as ligand-activated transcription factors. Further work is required to determine the significance of PPARα and PPARγ activation in the therapeutic effects of the DHEA steroids. However, post ginseng supplementation energy and fat intake was slightly increased in group B subjects. Recently, salivary and serum testosterone levels were found to correlate significantly with calculated free testosterone in both controls and patients, whereas salivary and urine testosterone showed weaker correlations . Our study is a preliminary and exploratory trial, and we searched the literature and found that a 600 mg dose of ginseng root powder used by several studies and universally accepted does not produce side effects.